Is QR code an optimal data container in optical encryption systems from an error-correction coding perspective?

Jiao, Shuming; Jin, Zhi; Zhou, Changyuan; Zou, Wenbin; Li, Xia

doi:10.1364/josaa.35.000a23

Cited by 28 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Fourier transform patterns [26], Hadamard patterns [8], wavelet patterns [27]). In addition, error correction coding ( [28][29][30]) can be used to improve the imaging efficiency in encrypted SPI. However, it is still hard to successfully recover an object image with good fidelity from only a short single-pixel intensity sequence consisting of a small number of pixels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast object classification in single-pixel imaging

Jiao¹

2018

Sixth International Conference on Optical and Photonic Engineering (icOPEN 2018)

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In single-pixel imaging (SPI), the target object is illuminated with varying patterns sequentially and an intensity sequence is recorded by a single-pixel detector without spatial resolution. A high quality object image can only be computationally reconstructed after a large number of illuminations, with disadvantages of long imaging time and high cost. Conventionally, object classification is performed after a reconstructed object image with good fidelity is available. In this paper, we propose to classify the target object with a small number of illuminations in a fast manner for Fourier SPI. A naive Bayes classifier is employed to classify the target objects based on the single-pixel intensity sequence without any image reconstruction and each sequence element is regarded as an object feature in the classifier. Simulation results demonstrate our proposed scheme can classify the number digit object images with high accuracy (e.g. 80% accuracy using only 13 illuminations, at a sampling ratio of 0.3%).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast object classification in single-pixel imaging

Jiao¹

2018

Sixth International Conference on Optical and Photonic Engineering (icOPEN 2018)

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“…For binary QR code, a byte format of RS means that it needs 8 modules (QR code elements) to represent minimal fragment of encoded data visually. If even one module within is damaged, the whole 8-modules fragment is incorrect [46].…”

Section: Qr Code As a Data Containermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, QR codes were originally developed for machine vision systems, not for cryptosystems, and are not optimal for them-the main issues being: presence of the positioning elements, use of byte code where minimal code unit can be presented by 8 pixels at least, small maximum size (177 × 177), and only three available error correction levels. Using similar to QR codes ideas, some attempts to create new data containers have been made [46,47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lensless Optical Encryption of Multilevel Digital Data Containers Using Spatially Incoherent Illumination

et al. 2021

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The necessity of the correction of errors emerging during the optical encryption process led to the extensive use of data containers such as QR codes. However, due to specifics of optical encryption, QR codes are not very well suited for the task, which results in low error correction capabilities in optical experiments mainly due to easily breakable QR code’s service elements and byte data structure. In this paper, we present optical implementation of information optical encryption system utilizing new multilevel customizable digital data containers with high data density. The results of optical experiments demonstrate efficient error correction capabilities of the new data container.

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“…a smart cellphone). Due to the error correction coding mechanism, if some square dots in the pattern (within a certain percentage) are modified, the original information can still be correctly retrieved [32][33][34].…”

Section: Proposed Opaque Qr-code Visual Cryptography With Single-pixementioning

confidence: 99%

Visual cryptography in single-pixel imaging

Jiao¹,

Feng²,

Gao³

et al. 2020

Opt. Express

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107

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Two novel visual cryptography (VC) schemes are proposed by combining VC with single-pixel imaging (SPI) for the first time. It is pointed out that the overlapping of visual key images in VC is similar to the superposition of pixel intensities by a single-pixel detector in SPI. In the first scheme, QR-code VC is designed by using opaque sheets instead of transparent sheets. The secret image can be recovered when identical illumination patterns are projected onto multiple visual key images and a single detector is used to record the total light intensities. In the second scheme, the secret image is shared by multiple illumination pattern sequences and it can be recovered when the visual key patterns are projected onto identical items. The application of VC can be extended to more diversified scenarios by our proposed schemes.

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Is QR code an optimal data container in optical encryption systems from an error-correction coding perspective?

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Fast object classification in single-pixel imaging

Fast object classification in single-pixel imaging

Lensless Optical Encryption of Multilevel Digital Data Containers Using Spatially Incoherent Illumination

Visual cryptography in single-pixel imaging

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