Is Pregnancy Smoking Causal to Testis Cancer in Sons?:<i>A Hypothesis</i>

Clemmesen, J

doi:10.3109/02841869709100734

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…32,33 Analyses of ecologic data have supported the hypothesis that testis cancer trends may be due to changes over time in maternal smoking levels. 34,35 However, maternal smoking has not been linked to testis cancer risk in the majority of case-control studies conducted to date. 30,[36][37][38][39] Low birth weight and low gestational age have been reported in some studies to increase testis cancer risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International patterns and trends in testis cancer incidence

Purdue

Devesa

Sigurdson

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

199

148

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Although the incidence of testis cancer has risen markedly in many Western populations over the past half-century, it is not clear whether rates in other populations also have increased. To clarify this issue, we examined testis cancer incidence rates over the 25-year time period of 1973-1997 for selected populations around the world. Age-standardized incidence rates for 21 registries in the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania over successive 5-year time periods were obtained from volumes [4][5][6][7][8] Among many Western populations, testicular cancer incidence increased markedly over much of the past 20th century, 3,4 although recent data from some cancer registries suggest that rates may be plateauing. 5,6 A divergence in trends for different histologic subtypes of testis cancer has also been reported. The majority of testis cancers are germ-cell tumors, which are grouped histologically into seminomas and nonseminomas. 3 In Canadian and U.S. white populations, the incidence of nonseminoma has been increasing less rapidly than that of seminoma. 7,8 No adequate explanations for these trends have been identified, as the etiologies of these malignancies remain largely unknown.As investigations into secular trends of testis cancer have generally focused on populations of European ancestry, it is not clear whether rates in low-incidence populations also have increased over time. A study on international cancer trends between 1973-1987 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) clearly demonstrated rising testis cancer rates in Japan and Puerto Rico but not in other low-incidence registries. 4 Since that time, IARC has published rates for additional time periods, enabling the analysis of secular trends over a longer time span. 2,9 To better understand how testis cancer incidence has changed over time across different populations, we examined incidence data over the 25-year period 1972-1997 from 21 populations in the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. Material and methods Incidence dataTo examine the secular trends in the incidence of testis cancer (ICD-8, ICD-9 186), 10,11 age-standardized (World Population) 12,13 incidence rates in 21 populations were obtained from volumes 4-8 of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5). 2,9,14,15,16 The CI5 volumes include incidence data reported by selected populationbased cancer registries covering areas within Asia, Oceania, Africa, Europe and the Americas. Volumes 4-8 generally provided data for the 5-year time periods 1973-1977, 1978-1982, 1983-1987, 1988-1992 and 1993-1997, respectively. Rates for volumes 5-8 were based upon the ICD-9 classification of testis cancer, and volume 4 used the ICD-8 classification; there were no changes in the coding of testis cancer between the eighth and ninth ICD revisions. Incidence rates for different histologic subtypes of testis cancer (seminoma, nonseminoma, other/unspecified) were abstracted from volume 8.Populations were chosen for inclusion in our analysis on the basis of the following criteria: (i) the availability ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International patterns and trends in testis cancer incidence

Purdue

Devesa

Sigurdson

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

199

148

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“…24 Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been proposed as a causal factor for TC in the offspring. 25 The daily consumption of tobacco decreased during the war 26 and thus compatible with a reduced risk in the offspring in this period. The overall potential effect of this alteration in maternal smoking, however, was most likely limited, given the low prevalence of female smokers at that time.…”

Section: Epidemiological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditions in utero and cancer risk

2006

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“…The incidence and mortality data were tabulated as birth cohorts in 10-year intervals by subtracting the midpoints of 5-year age groups (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24), . .…”

Section: Apc Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, ecologic studies have identified maternal smoking as a possible risk factor, 15 although this hypothesis has not found support from analytical studies. 20,21 In contrast to incidence, testicular cancer mortality has been markedly declining in a number of European countries since the mid 1970s, because of the introduction of platinum-based chemotherapy schemes 22 and best-practice tumor management. 23 Echoing these improvements, the pooled 5-year relative survival estimate among European patients diagnosed in the early 1990s was over 90%, although striking differences across Europe were observed, with 5-year survival as low as 71% in Estonia.…”

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confidence: 99%

Trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 22 European countries: Continuing increases in incidence and declines in mortality

Bray

Richiardi

Ekbom

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

286

197

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This study profiles testicular cancer incidence and mortality across Europe, and the effects of age, period and generational influences, using age-period-cohort modeling. Despite a 5-fold variation in incidence rates, there were consistent mean increases in incidence in each of the 12 European countries studied, ranging from around 6% per annum (Spain and Slovenia) to 1-2% (Norway). In contrast, declines in testicular cancer mortality of 3-6% per annum were observed in the 1980s and 1990s for the majority of the 22 countries studied, particularly in Northern and Western Europe. The mortality trends in several European countries were rather stable (Romania and Bulgaria) or increasing (Portugal and Croatia). Short-term attenuations in increasing cohort-specific risk of incidence were indicated among men born between 1940 and 1945 in 7 European countries. In Switzerland, successive generations born from the mid 1960s may have experienced a steadily declining risk of disease occurrence. While the underlying risk factors responsible remain elusive, the temporal and geographical variability in incidence may point to an epidemic in different phases in different countries-the result of country-specific differences in the prevalence of one or several ubiquitous and highly prevalent environmental determinants of the disease. Advances in treatment have led to major declines in mortality in many European countries from the mid 1970s, which has translated to cohorts of men at successively lower risk of death from the disease. Slower progress in the delivery of optimal care is however evident from the mortality trends in several lower-resource countries in Southern and Eastern Europe. The first beneficiaries of therapy in these populations may be those men born-rather than diagnosed-in the era of major breakthrough in testicular cancer care. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: testicular cancer; incidence; mortality; time trends; epidemiology Testicular cancer accounts for 1-3% of all cancers in males in Western countries, but is the most common malignancy among young men (aged 15-34 years) in most European populations. 1 The highest incidence rates are recorded in a number of countries in Northern (Denmark, Norway), Central (Germany, Switzerland) and Eastern Europe (Czech Republic). 2 Incidence trends in almost all European populations are characterized by rapid increases in the last few decades, 3-7 particularly in adolescent men and young adults. 8 The etiology of testicular cancer is not well understood, and the underlying reasons for the steadily increasing incidence trends throughout Europe are largely unknown. Improving ascertainment and better diagnostic procedures cannot account for the estimated 3-5% rises in incidence per annum, as the course of the disease is rapidly fatal if left untreated. In addition, the consistent evidence of uniformly rising secular trends comes from a number of wellestablished European cancer registries with standardized procedures. 4 It has been hypothesized that the risk of testicular canc...

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Is Pregnancy Smoking Causal to Testis Cancer in Sons?:A Hypothesis

Cited by 30 publications

References 12 publications

International patterns and trends in testis cancer incidence

International patterns and trends in testis cancer incidence

Conditions in utero and cancer risk

Trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 22 European countries: Continuing increases in incidence and declines in mortality

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