Is older adult care mediated by caregivers&amp;#39; cultural stereotypes? The role of competence and warmth attribution

Fernández-Ballesteros, Rocı́o; Bustillos, Antonio; Santacreu, Marta; Schettini, Rocío; Díaz-Veiga, Pura; Huici, Carmen

doi:10.2147/cia.s96235

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Both professional and volunteer caregivers working in DCCs and SCCs, compared with a representative sample of the Spanish population, hold stereotypical cultural views of older adults, attributing LC and HW to them. These results replicate those found in our studies in Mexico 7 , 8 and in Nursing Homes in the Basque Country and in a sample of Spanish Gerontologists and Geriatricians, 6 , 9 as well as those obtained by Fiske et al 2 and Cuddy et al 4 in university students in the USA and in six other countries in Europe (Belgium, Israel), Latin America (Costa Rica) and Asia (South Korea, Japan and Hong Kong).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…All results support the cultural stereotype pattern in which the older adult group is viewed with HW and LC, as posited by Fiske et al 2 , 16 from the SCM, which also supports our previous studies in care contexts. 8 , 9 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 – 10 Results have supported SCM assumptions regarding the stereotypical components of the model. Using a sample of the Spanish Society of Geriatrics and Gerontology (SEGG) 6 in care contexts assessed in Mexico, 7 , 8 Nursing Homes in the Basque Country, Spain, 9 in the University Program for Older Adults, 10 older adult cultural stereotypes reported by professional caregivers working with older adults confirm the model: older adults are significantly perceived as having lower competence than warmth (SEGG: mean SEGG members reported warmth = 4.81 and competence = 4.39 [ t (324) = 8.65, p < 0.001]; Mexico: mean warmth = 3.59 and competence = 2.91 [ t (116) = 9.989, p < 0.001]; Spain-Basque Country: mean warmth = 3.57 and competence = 2.91) (although the response format in all contexts was a 7-point Likert scale, we reduced this to 5 in order to fit the SCM metric).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural stereotypes in care contexts

Fernández-Ballesteros¹,

Sánchez‐Izquierdo²,

Olmos

et al. 2018

CIA

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IntroductionThe main goal of the present study was to examine the stereotype content model (SCM) assumption for universality and to test whether the mediating role of cultural views about older adult caregivers is maintained in other health care contexts.MethodsOne hundred and sixty professionals and volunteers who worked with older adults in day care centers (DCCs) and senior citizen centers (SCCs) and 1,151 participants from a representative sample of the Spanish population were examined using the SCM questionnaire; older adult and personnel functioning were assessed through an observation procedure with two subscales of the Evaluation Scale from the Sistema de Evaluación de Residencias de Ancianos.ResultsThe results showed that the context does not seem to influence the cultural views about older adults held by caregivers. All results support the cultural stereotype pattern in which members of the older adult group are viewed with high warmth (HW) and low competence (LC) as posited by the SCM model. With respect to the mediation of cultural stereotypes on caregivers/older adult functioning, this has not been supported in this study. Neither cultural views of warmth (predicted by the SCM) nor views of competence (from our previous studies) influence either caregiver functional behaviors or older adult functioning.ConclusionTwo post hoc hypotheses can be inferred: 1) there is more variability in competence and warmth in DCCs and SCCs and 2) although we did not find significant differences in the pattern of competence and warmth in perceived cultural stereotypes about older adults, more healthy environments could reduce the influence of cognitive views on behavior.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural stereotypes in care contexts

Fernández-Ballesteros¹,

Sánchez‐Izquierdo²,

Olmos

et al. 2018

CIA

Self Cite

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“…individual is not stereotypically perceived as highly competent; Cuddy et al, 2008;Fernández-Ballesteros et al, 2016;Thompson & Ince, 2013), and regardless of the order in which participants learned about the two contestants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

And the winner is . . . ? Forecasting the outcome of others’ competitive efforts.

Kupor

Brucks

Huang

2019

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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People frequently forecast the outcomes of competitive events. Some forecasts are about oneself (e.g., forecasting how one will perform in an athletic competition, school or job application, or professional contest), while many other forecasts are about others (e.g., predicting the outcome of another individual's athletic competition, school or job application, or professional contest). In this research, we examine people's forecasts about others' competitive outcomes, illuminate a systematic bias in these forecasts, and document the source of this bias as well as its downstream consequences. Eight experiments with a total of 3,221 participants in a variety of competitive contexts demonstrate that when observers forecast the outcome that another individual will experience, observers systematically overestimate the probability that this individual will win. Importantly, this misprediction stems from a previously undocumented lay belief-the belief that other people generally achieve their intentions-which skews observers' hypothesis testing. We find that this lay belief biases observers' forecasts even in contexts in which the other person's intent is unlikely to generate the person's intended outcome, and even when observers are directly incentivized to formulate an accurate forecast.

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“…Modern care is based on autonomy, assuming that people should have the freedom to make choices about their lives, finding care that is 'beneficial according to their own values and beliefs, care that also helps to empower them and maximize their opportunities for selfactualization' (Herbert, 2014). Along the same lines, person-centred care, which arises from Carl Rogers' theory about human growth (Rogers, 1959), has emerged in recent decades as an alternative 'bottom-up' approach to the paternalist model, with strong empirical support (Barbosa, Sousa, Nolan, & Figueiredo, 2014;Brownie & Nancarrow, 2013;Fernández-Ballesteros et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a paternalism and autonomist care assessment

Fernández-Ballesteros

Sánchez‐Izquierdo

Olmos

et al. 2019

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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Aim There is a need for a validated instrument to measure the type of care (paternalism or person‐centred) provided for older adults. Since paternalism and person‐centred care are the most important caregiving styles in the field of care and as they are usually opposed, the study aims to develop and establish psychometrics data of an instrument to identify paternalistic and autonomist behaviours in older adults care contexts, which can help to enhance care practice. Design Instrument development. Methods After observing and standardizing behaviours in formal care contexts in 2016, an instrument was developed and proceeding to a first validation using standard validation techniques among caregivers in two care settings during 2016–2017: senior citizen centres and older adult day care centres. Results The Paternalist/Autonomist Care Assessment (PACA) is a 30‐item, behaviour‐based instrument which measures both the appraisal of caregivers on elements of care (Care Appraisal Scale‐ PACA‐Appraisal) and the occurrence of behaviours (Occurrence of Care in Context‐ PACA‐Occurrence). The Paternalist/Autonomist Care Assessment (PACA) was validated in 160 professional caregivers and was able to discriminate two factors: paternalistic or overprotective behaviours and autonomist behaviours. However, these factors were not fully dichotomous and were shown to coexist to some degree. Conclusion The instrument displayed good psychometric properties to measure paternalism and autonomy in older adult care. Moreover, it showed that the two types of care are not antagonistic and can coexist, with overprotective behaviours being more frequent in contexts of care for more dependent persons. Impact There are no validated instruments to measure paternalism and person‐centred behaviour in care contexts. The two measures yielded by the PACA show good construct and concurrent empirical validity, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity. Family caregiver, professional caregivers, nurses, older adults.

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Is older adult care mediated by caregivers' cultural stereotypes? The role of competence and warmth attribution

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Cultural stereotypes in care contexts

Cultural stereotypes in care contexts

And the winner is . . . ? Forecasting the outcome of others’ competitive efforts.

Development and validation of a paternalism and autonomist care assessment

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