“…There is a wealth of preclinical data on IS reduction by β -blockers in animal studies of I/R, although, as noted later, none have been successfully and reproducibly translated to humans. Studies in pigs have shown MRI-based evidence for cardioprotection by metoprolol ( Ibanez et al, 2007 ; Ibanez et al, 2011 ; García-Ruiz et al, 2016 ; Heusch and Kleinbongard, 2020 ; Lobo-Gonzalez et al, 2020 ), and histology-based evidence for cardioprotection by carvedilol ( Bril et al, 1992 ; Feuerstein and Ruffolo, 1995 ), atenolol, and the short-acting β -blocker landiolol ( Park et al, 2011 ). Carvedilol also reduced the area of no-reflow in pigs following I/R, assessed by myocardial contrast echocardiography ( Zhao et al, 2008 ).…”