Is Loss in Odor Sensitivity Inevitable to the Aging Individual? A Study of “Successfully Aged” Elderly

Nordin, Steven; Almkvist, Ove; Berglund, Birgitta

doi:10.1007/s12078-011-9102-8

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…As noted above, a subject's health status may boost the age-related impairments in olfactory function (Nordin et al, 2012). Likewise, when educational background is controlled for, the impact of age in cognitive performance diminishes (Ardila, 2000).…”

Section: Agementioning

confidence: 95%

“…Odor thresholds increase with aging (Kaneda et al, 2000;Larsson et al, 2000;Murphy, Nordin, de Wijk, Cain, & Polich, 1994;Stevens & Cain, 1987), although a loss in odor sensitivity may not always a feature in aging. For example, Nordin, Almkvist, and Berglund (2012) demonstrated that a subgroup of older subjects without any medical, health or cognitive deficits (i.e. successfully aged) known to affect olfactory abilities performed at the same level as young adults, suggesting that factors secondary to aging are responsible for the odor detection deficits in older individuals.…”

Section: Olfactory Function In Normal Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The term successful aging is conceptualized as elderly people in absence of disease and disability, with maintenance of high physical and cognitive function, and sustained engagement in social and productive activities (Rowe & Kahn, 1997). Previous literature has found that successfully aged participants screened for medical health and cognitive deficits perform at the same level as young in detection sensitivity (Nordin et al, 2012). Thus, present age effects on odor detection, discrimination and identification may be overestimated due to secondary conditions in aging, such as health aspects, that were not taken into consideration in the studies.…”

Section: Health Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfactory Function: The Influence of Demographic, Cognitive, and Genetic factors

Hedner¹

2013

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Olfactory function is affected by demographic, cognitive, and genetic factors. In the present thesis, three empirical studies investigated individual differences in olfactory ability. Study I explored demographic and cognitive correlates in common olfactory tasks; odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification. The results indicated that old age influenced performance negatively in all tasks, and that semantic memory proficiency and executive functioning were related to odor discrimination and odor identification performance. No cognitive influence was observed for measurements of olfactory threshold. Using population-based data, Study II investigated a potential influence of the ApoE gene on olfactory identification after controlling for health status, semantic memory, and preclinical and clinical dementia. The main finding was that the ApoE-ɛ4 allele interacted with age, such that older ɛ4-carriers had an impaired odor identification performance relative to older non-carriers. Importantly, the negative ApoE-ɛ4 effect on olfactory proficiency was independent of clinical dementia conversion within five years. Study III investigated the effects of the BDNF val66met polymorphism on olfactory change over a five-year interval, in a communitydwelling sample of young and old age cohorts. The results showed that agerelated decline in olfactory identification was influenced by the BDNF val66met. In middle-aged subjects, no effect of BDNF val66met was observed although older val homozygote carriers showed a selectively larger olfactory decline than the older met carriers. Overall, results suggest that the relative influence of demographic and cognitive factors vary across different olfactory tasks and that two genes (ApoE and BDNF) impact age-related deficits in odor identification. Potential theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed as well as potential limitations of association studies in genomics research.

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Section: Agementioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Olfactory Function In Normal Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfactory Function: The Influence of Demographic, Cognitive, and Genetic factors

Hedner¹

2013

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…One important observation is that there is much greater variability in thresholds in older than in younger adults 6,7 . Epidemiological and multi-center larger studies are revealing, for example, that significant numbers of older adults perform as well as young adults do.…”

Section: Sensitivity To Low Concentrations Of Odor and Flavor In Oldementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flavor, of course, includes not only tastes (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, fat) but also the volatiles that stimulate the olfactory system, enhance pleasantness and intake, and contribute to food recognition. Odor identification is the most studied and one of the most robust indicators of olfactory impairment in older adults 6,11,12,13,14 . The effect has been replicated in the US 5 , Europe 14 , Sweden 15,16 , Japan 17 .…”

Section: Odor Identification By Older Adults: Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory functioning in older adults: relevance for food preference

Murphy

Vertrees

2017

Current Opinion in Food Science

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The world’s population is aging and older adults represent the fastest growing segment of the consumer market. Changes in sensory, perceptual and cognitive function in this segment of the population have been described psychophysically, however, more is known about the young-old than the old-old or oldest-old. Only now are we exploring the potential for neuroimaging tools to probe the changes in central nervous system function related to taste and smell that are relevant to sensory perception, reward value, anticipation of and consumption of food stimuli. There is real potential for brain imaging to provide a greater understanding of older adults’ consumer behavior.

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Odor detection thresholds in a population of older adults

et al. 2016

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OBJECTIVE To measure odor detection thresholds and associated nasal and behavioral factors in an older adult population. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study METHODS Odor detection thresholds were obtained using an automated olfactometer on 832 participants, aged 68–99 (mean age 77) years in the 21-year (2013–2016) follow-up visit of the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study. RESULTS The mean odor detection threshold (ODT) score was 8.2 (range: 1–13; standard deviation = 2.54), corresponding to a n-butanol concentration of slightly less than 0.03%. Older participants were significantly more likely to have lower (worse) ODT scores than younger participants (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in mean ODT scores between men and women. Older age was significantly associated with worse performance in multivariable regression models and exercising at least once a week was associated with a reduced odds of having a low (≤5) ODT score. Cognitive impairment was also associated with poor performance while a history of allergies or a deviated septum were associated with better performance. CONCLUSION Odor detection threshold scores were worse in older age groups but similar between men and women in this large population of older adults. Regular exercise was associated with better odor detection thresholds adding to the evidence that decline in olfactory function with age may be partly preventable.

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Is Loss in Odor Sensitivity Inevitable to the Aging Individual? A Study of “Successfully Aged” Elderly

Cited by 29 publications

References 58 publications

Olfactory Function: The Influence of Demographic, Cognitive, and Genetic factors

Olfactory Function: The Influence of Demographic, Cognitive, and Genetic factors

Sensory functioning in older adults: relevance for food preference

Odor detection thresholds in a population of older adults

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