Is it worth to continue to analyse the factors of cardiovascular risk among the sailors? Review of literature

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are still the most common cause of death from natural causes among seafarers. The aim of the study was to determine which of the cardiovascular risk factors listed in the current recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology occur among seafarers. Materials and methods: The paper is a review of literature from PubMed Database. Results: Based on conducted analysis of over 31 papers high prevalence of classic and other cardiovascular risk factors among seafarers was proven. The most common risk factors among offshore workers are overweight and obesity (over 64%); moreover, these factors occur more often among seafarers than in the general population. Also hypertension, smoking, type 2 diabetes and unfavourable lipid profile were present more often in this occupational group. In the analysed studies attention was also paid to factors often overlooked in risk assessment such as mental and inflammatory illnesses, unfavourable working conditions and psychological burden. Conclusions: Seafarers have a higher cardiovascular risk because, among other things, the prevalence of "old and new" risk factors among them is higher than in general population.

Are we underestimating the cardiovascular risks of seafarers?

“…For sailors, cardiovascular risk control is a priority [3,4]. Because of the geographical distance, care is difficult and can be delayed.…”

“…But we do not know exactly how to quantify this consumption. In a study of 136 Filipino sailors, 80% of the subjects had consumed alcohol at least once in the month [4]. Fort et al [5] showed that 16% of the 1847 seafarers in their study were at risk of addiction.…”

“…What about the remaining 84%? In a recent literature review of mariners' cardiovascular risk factors, only one study considered alcohol consumption [4]. But alcohol consumption was assessed qualitatively, without quantifying consumption.…”

Practical Approaches to Treat ED in PDE5i Nonresponders

“…In addition, the side effects of some drugs used for comorbidities, such as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, thiazides, and β-blockers, affect erectile function and thereby weaken the effect of PDE5is on ED [ 21 - 22 ]. Interestingly, unhealthy behaviors, such as excessive drinking, smoking, and a high-fat diet, can also promote the development and progression of these comorbidities in men, in turn affecting the efficacy of PDE5is in the treatment of ED [ 23 - 25 ]. Hence, lifestyle factors should be emphasized in ED treatment when there is the lack of a response to PDE5is.…”

Ratio of thiamine content, parameters of carbohydrate metabolism and actual nutrition in water transport workers of the Northern Basin

“…Зарубежными учеными приведены результаты ряда исследований. Так, исследования показателей углеводного обмена выявили повышенные уровни глюкозы в крови натощак у американских моряков [5,6], датских [7][8][9], иранских моряков [10], по сравнению с контрольной группой [11]. В другом исследовании выявлены частые случаи госпитализации германских рыбаков из-за повышенного уровня сахара в крови [12].…”