Is it only CO2 that matters? A life cycle perspective on shallow geothermal systems

Environomic optimal configurations of geothermal energy conversion systems: Application to the future construction of Enhanced Geothermal Systems in Switzerland

“…Thus, the value for heat pumps corresponding to 20% loss given in Saner et al Saner et al (2010) is assumed. Tables 3, 4 and 5 of A summarize all the LCI elements for the construction, the operation and the end-of-life, respectively, with the parameters that allow for calculating them as a function of the geothermal system configuration, as well as with their reference quantities v k when this one is necessary.…”

Improving the Environmental Sustainability of Flash Geothermal Power Plants—A Case Study

“…The general matter of the environmental sustainability of GECSs has been addressed using life cycle analysis as an evaluation tool [4,[6][7][8]; specific studies have been applied to enhanced geothermal systems [9] or small hybrid solar/geothermal energy conversion systems [10]. Recent studies [4,6] confirm that only complete reinjection of NCGs would provide a positive answer in terms of definite improvement of the sustainability issue-bearing in mind that any human activity produces effects on the environment, and that the question is rather that of conjugating sustainable development with documented and transparent policies, rather than pursuing an unachievable objective of zero environmental balance.…”

“…Even if the nature of contaminants is relatively similar with frequent presence of H2S, NH3, CH4, and Hg in some cases [6][7][8]11], the properties of the reservoir and of the geothermal fluid are variable in terms of pressure, temperature, state of the fluid, and amount and composition of NCGs as well as of dissolved mineral salts. Each potential location thus deserves careful study, possibly leading to different issues in terms of best technology for utilization of the resource and profitability.…”

Geophysical Methods for Monitoring Temperature Changes in Shallow Low Enthalpy Geothermal Systems

“…Geothermal heat pumps have a lot of advantages over standard heating and/or cooling systems such as gas or oil boilers and cooling machines which render them sustainable [1,2]. They allow large primary energy savings (e.g., [3,4]), strong reductions of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases emissions ( [2,5] and references therein), and the use of energy stored in the subsurface (soil or groundwater).…”

“…They allow large primary energy savings (e.g., [3,4]), strong reductions of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases emissions ( [2,5] and references therein), and the use of energy stored in the subsurface (soil or groundwater). With regards to air-source heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps have the advantage of the ground temperature, which is far more constant than air temperatures.…”