Is it just me, or was that sexist? The role of sexism type and perpetrator race in identifying sexism

Kirkman, Mackenzie S.; Oswald, Debra L.

doi:10.1080/00224545.2019.1634505

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Given that HS reflects a blatant and negative ideology, the finding that an ideology with a (seemingly) more positive tone would be preferable may be self-evident. The initial evidence is mixed as to whether BS is perceived as less (Bosson et al, 2020; Kilianski & Rudman, 1998) or more (Bohner et al, 2010; Kirkman & Oswald, 2020) positive when compared to neutral, no-sexism conditions. Thus, future research should employ experimental designs including either these conditions or independent evaluations of BS and HS to gain a better understanding of whether and how the subtleness of BS is relative.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the BS–HS subtleness bias is usually found among both men and women as evaluators (e.g., Barreto & Ellemers, 2005; Hopkins-Doyle et al, 2019), there is some evidence that women overall are better than men at detecting ambivalent sexism (Goh et al, 2017; Kirkman & Oswald, 2020; Swim et al, 2005); 19 still, it remains unclear whether women fail to recognize the coexistence of BS with HS (Kilianski & Rudman, 1998; Rudman & Fetterolf, 2014) or approve of BS despite being aware of its relation to HS (Bohner et al, 2010). Relatedly, two other articles that focused on men’s and women’s metaperceptions of the other gender’s endorsement of ambivalent sexism (Goh et al, 2017; Rudman & Fetterolf, 2014) also pointed to gender differences in terms of bias and accuracy in judging ambivalent sexist attitudes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of the ambivalent sexism literature: Hostile sexism protects men’s power; benevolent sexism guards traditional gender roles.

Bareket,

Fiske

2023

Psychological Bulletin

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According to ambivalent sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996), the coexistence of gendered power differences and mutual interdependence creates two apparently opposing but complementary sexist ideologies: hostile sexism (HS; viewing women as manipulative competitors who seek to gain power over men) coincides with benevolent sexism (BS; a chivalrous view of women as pure and moral, yet weak and passive, deserving men’s protection and admiration, as long as they conform). The research on these ideologies employs the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, used extensively in psychology and allied disciplines, often to understand the roles sexist attitudes play in reinforcing gender inequality. Following contemporary guidelines, this systematic review utilizes a principled approach to synthesize the multidisciplinary empirical literature on ambivalent sexism. After screening 1,870 potentially relevant articles and fully reviewing 654 eligible articles, five main domains emerge in ambivalent sexism research (social ideologies, violence, workplace, stereotypes, intimate relationships). The accumulating evidence across domains offers bottom-up empirical support for ambivalent sexism as a coordinated system to maintain control over women (and sometimes men). Hostile sexism acts through the direct and diverse paths of envious/resentful prejudices, being more sensitive to power and sexuality cues; Benevolent sexism acts through prejudices related to interdependence (primarily gender-based paternalism and gender-role differentiation), enforcing traditional gender relations and being more sensitive to role-related cues. Discussion points to common methodological limitations, suggests guidelines, and finds future avenues for ambivalent sexism research.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of the ambivalent sexism literature: Hostile sexism protects men’s power; benevolent sexism guards traditional gender roles.

Bareket,

Fiske

2023

Psychological Bulletin

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show abstract

“…After reading the scenario, respondents reported the degree to which they evaluated the sender as sexist using a 7-point scale ranging from 1 ("Not at all sexist") to 7 ("Definitely sexist"). Though single-item measures are often not preferred, they are particularly common in studies examining sexism attributions (Kirkman & Oswald, 2019). A clear construct in the mind of the respondent may be best represented by a singular item as it will measure the construct with less extraneous variance than a multi-item scale (Bergkvist & Rossiter, 2007).…”

Section: Social Justice (Sj) Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sex of Interactants Affects Perceptions of Sexism in Ambiguous Situations

Grawitch¹,

Lavigne²,

Sp³

2021

Preprint

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Previous research has demonstrated that when a message is ambiguous, individuals make assumptions about the intent of the message being sent. Building on error management theory and heuristic decision making, we conducted three studies that manipulated the sex of the sender and receiver of messages in a specific scenario and asked observers to rate the sender’s sexism (Studies 1-3) and other elements of the situation (Studies 2-3). We also examined the degree to which various attitudes – concern for political correctness (Studies 1 and 2), social justice (Study 2), ambivalence toward men (Study 2), and neosexism (Study 3) – explained unique variance in respondent ratings. Across all three studies, we found that when the receiver was a woman, the sender (regardless of sex) was rated as significantly more sexist, but this effect was amplified when the sender was a man. In Studies 1 and 2, none of the attitude variables interacted in a consistent way with the sex of the interactants. In Study 3, however, results suggested that those low in neosexism showed more pronounced ratings of sexism in the male sender-female receiver condition. The results of the study have implications for future research in the areas of sexism, social prediction, and heuristic decision making.

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“…Similarly, appraisals of men's benevolent sexism also differ with race. For example, individuals are more likely to appraise a black man's paternalistic behaviour as more sexist, compared to a white man's paternalistic behaviour (Kirkman & Oswald, 2019). Future studies should thus, examine the intersection between men's dependency-oriented support provision and the race of the support recipient, as well as women's acceptance of dependency-oriented support and the race of the support provider.…”

Section: Strengths Constraints On Generalisability and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future studies should thus, examine the intersection between men's dependency-oriented support provision and the race of the support recipient, as well as women's acceptance of dependency-oriented support and the race of the support provider. It may be that men's chivalry is only extended to white women as they are deemed to be "more traditionally feminine", and women may only be accepting of white men's chivalry as they are perceived to be "more caring and romantic" (Kirkman & Oswald, 2019;McMahon & Kahn, 2015).…”

Section: Strengths Constraints On Generalisability and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benevolent Sexism, Attachment, and Chivalry: Examining the Role of Unfulfilled Needs in Contexts of Dependence

Sieng¹

2021

Preprint

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<p>Previous research demonstrate links between men’s and women’s endorsement of benevolent sexism and the provision/acceptance of chivalrous behaviours that increase women’s dependence on men. Research also shows that men who are relatively more anxiously attached also tend to be more endorsing of benevolent sexism as it facilitates dependence and fulfilment of relational needs. Thus, men’s preoccupations with satisfying their relational needs should heighten their tendency to behave chivalrously. This thesis examined whether attachment anxiety moderates the link between individual’s endorsement of benevolent sexism and their provision/acceptance of dependency-oriented support—behaviours that emphasise men’s high status and women’s dependence. This study also tested whether men providing, and women accepting support predicts fulfilment of relational needs. Study 1 and 2 (N = 354) examined links between endorsement of benevolent sexism and dependency-oriented dating behaviours in online samples. Results replicated the existing link between men’s endorsement of benevolent sexism and dependency-oriented support, but did not lend support for the moderating role of attachment anxiety. In Study 3, romantic couples (N = 158) discussed personal goals with one another and coders observed levels of dependency-oriented support provision and acceptance. The relationship between benevolent sexism and dependency-oriented support for men was once again replicated. Novel interactions also emerged which suggests that holding derogatory beliefs about women may also motivate men’s dependency-oriented support giving. Predictions about the role of attachment anxiety and need fulfilment produced unexpected findings demonstrating that it may be a lack of avoidant rather than attachment anxiety that moderates the relationship between benevolent sexism and dependency-oriented support. These studies illustrate that chivalrous, dependency-oriented behaviours cannot be examined in isolation from beliefs about gender roles, relational schemas, and context.</p>

show abstract

Is it just me, or was that sexist? The role of sexism type and perpetrator race in identifying sexism

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

A systematic review of the ambivalent sexism literature: Hostile sexism protects men’s power; benevolent sexism guards traditional gender roles.

A systematic review of the ambivalent sexism literature: Hostile sexism protects men’s power; benevolent sexism guards traditional gender roles.

The Sex of Interactants Affects Perceptions of Sexism in Ambiguous Situations

Benevolent Sexism, Attachment, and Chivalry: Examining the Role of Unfulfilled Needs in Contexts of Dependence

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