Is it a he or a she? Behavioral and computational approaches to sex categorization

Kaminski, Gwenaël; Méary, David; Mermillod, Martial; Gentaz, Édouard

doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0139-1

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Other studies in humans have (1) emphasized the role of 2-D and 3-D second order relations in addition to features (Burton et al, 1993 ), and (2) argued for a double dissociation of featural and configural encoding (Renzi et al, 2013 ). An opposing line of argument has been advanced for a role of unsupervised representation analogs to Principal Component Analysis (Calder and Young, 2005 ) or Principal Component Analysis combined with multi-dimensional scaling (Gao and Wilson, 2013 ) or Gabor filters (Kaminski et al, 2011 ). All of those potential representations are fully compatible with the general idea of a face space (Valentine, 2001 ) since the face space may, in theory, present with any particular set of dimensions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angry facial expressions bias gender categorization in children and adults: behavioral and computational evidence

et al. 2015

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Angry faces are perceived as more masculine by adults. However, the developmental course and underlying mechanism (bottom-up stimulus driven or top-down belief driven) associated with the angry-male bias remain unclear. Here we report that anger biases face gender categorization toward “male” responding in children as young as 5–6 years. The bias is observed for both own- and other-race faces, and is remarkably unchanged across development (into adulthood) as revealed by signal detection analyses (Experiments 1–2). The developmental course of the angry-male bias, along with its extension to other-race faces, combine to suggest that it is not rooted in extensive experience, e.g., observing males engaging in aggressive acts during the school years. Based on several computational simulations of gender categorization (Experiment 3), we further conclude that (1) the angry-male bias results, at least partially, from a strategy of attending to facial features or their second-order relations when categorizing face gender, and (2) any single choice of computational representation (e.g., Principal Component Analysis) is insufficient to assess resemblances between face categories, as different representations of the very same faces suggest different bases for the angry-male bias. Our findings are thus consistent with stimulus-and stereotyped-belief driven accounts of the angry-male bias. Taken together, the evidence suggests considerable stability in the interaction between some facial dimensions in social categorization that is present prior to the onset of formal schooling.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angry facial expressions bias gender categorization in children and adults: behavioral and computational evidence

et al. 2015

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“…2 These findings suggest that the increase of affective priming induced by the X4 procedure (Höschel & Irle, 2001) is sufficient to reduce the gender's bias reported in the present study for subliminal priming. Therefore, our findings suggest that gender bias might not be uniquely driven by explicit social stereotypes but that implicit and rapid perceptual factors might also induce the gender bias (Kaminski, Méary, Mermillod, & Gentaz, 2011). Note also that a similar gender bias is often observed in participants' judgements of ambiguous emotional expressions (Condry & Condry, 1976;Hugenberg & Sczesny, 2006;Plant et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…New data based on morphed fe/male faces or neural computation as a method allowing to control for perceptual factors (Mermillod, Bonin, Mondillon, Alleysson, & Vermeulen, 2010;Mermillod, Vermeulen, Lundqvist, & Niedenthal, 2009;Mermillod, Vuilleumier, Peyrin, Alleysson, & Marendaz, 2009) will have to determine if this fast and automatic gender bias is based on perceptual factors (Kaminski et al, 2011) or social stereotypes (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of fast and automatic gender bias in affective priming

Villepoux

Vermeulen

Niedenthal

et al. 2015

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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International audiencePrevious studies have revealed a gender bias in ratings of the valence and intensity of supraliminally presented facial expressions of emotion such that positive emotions receive higher ratings when expressed by females and negative emotions receive higher ratings when expressed by males. However, surprisingly, this gender bias has not been investigated for suboptimal presentation of emotional expressions. Our first experiment aimed at investigating the existence of such a bias for very fast presentation of the stimulus (20 ms onset) on the basis of a classic priming procedure commonly used in affective priming studies that involved the use of a single prime. Our second experiment aimed at proposing a new method involving four fast, repeated presentations of the prime-target pairs (based on the innovative design proposed by Höschel and Irle), that could be used to reduce the gender bias in future studies in affective sciences. Results show that the classic procedure for subliminal affective priming seems, indeed, sensitive to gender bias, but that it is possible to maximise the affective effect and decrease the impact of the gender bias using repeated presentations of the prime

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“…The luminance of the images was normalised, and a Hann window was applied to remove hair and the peripheral information of the faces (Buck et al, 1972;Greenwald et al, 1989;Mermillod et al, 2009;Schwartz et al, 1980), to avoid a categorisation of gender based on the peripheral facial hair (Kaminski et al, 2011).…”

Section: Stimuli Of Faces With Emotionalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bodily Information and Top-Down Affective Priming Jointly Affect the Processing of Fearful Faces

Yu¹,

Iodice²,

Pezzulo³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Embodied theories of emotion posit that the processing of emotional stimuli re-enacts exteroceptive, interoceptive, and prior affective states congruent with the emotion. Activating an exteroceptive, interoceptive, or prior affective state congruent with a particular emotion should consequently anticipate perception of that emotion. Previous research found that an increased heart rate facilitates the processing of faces expressing the emotion that interoception is congruent with (fear), in comparison to those expressing an incongruent emotion (disgust) or neutrality. Here, we investigate whether the (top-down) prior affective context in which the emotion simulation is situated also interacts with (bottom-up) interoceptive heart rate manipulation to facilitate emotional processing of exteroceptive stimuli. Participants categorized faces with happy, fearful, and neutral expressions after their interoceptive state (heart rate: increased or normal) and contextual affective state (primes: positive, negative, and neutral) were manipulated. We hypothesized that increased heart rate would facilitate the processing of fearful and happy faces, specifically for congruent affective priming, i.e. negative or positive, respectively. We found that: a) negative affective primes facilitated the processing of fearful faces, over and above the facilitating effect of increased heart rate reported in previous research, and b) no effect of either top-down or bottom-up factors, nor their interaction, in the domain of positive emotions. It remains to be established whether this asymmetry depends on the specificity of negative emotions, the quality of our manipulations, or other factors.

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Is it a he or a she? Behavioral and computational approaches to sex categorization

Cited by 19 publications

References 23 publications

Angry facial expressions bias gender categorization in children and adults: behavioral and computational evidence

Angry facial expressions bias gender categorization in children and adults: behavioral and computational evidence

Evidence of fast and automatic gender bias in affective priming

Bodily Information and Top-Down Affective Priming Jointly Affect the Processing of Fearful Faces

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