Is <i>Rafflesia</i> an endothermic flower?

Patiño, S.; Aalto, Tuula; Edwards, Alice A.; Grace, J.

doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00396.x

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The hatchlings die of starvation, hence the specific epithet ! The flowers of Rhizanthes lowii and Rafflesia tuanmudae are endothermic, maintaining tissue temperatures 7-9 xC above air temperature in R. lowii and 1-6 xC above in R. tuan-mudae (Patiño, Grace & Banziger, 2000 ;Patiño et al, 2001Patiño et al, , 2002. A third genus, Sapria, attracts flies in the same way, although in a species studied by Banziger (1996 a), the major pollinators were sarcophagids, not calliphorids.…”

Section: ( 6) Dipteramentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region

Corlett¹

2004

Biological Reviews

148

108

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Current knowledge of flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental Region is summarised. Much less is known about pollination than seed dispersal and the coverage of habitats and taxa in the region is very uneven. The available evidence suggests that pollination in lowland forests is dominated by highly social bees (mainly Trigona and Apis species), with beetles probably the next most important group, followed by other bees and flies. In comparison with the better-studied Neotropics, large solitary bees, moths, Lepidoptera and vertebrates are relatively less important. These differences are greatest in the canopy of the lowland dipterocarp forests of Southeast Asia, where they probably reflect the unique temporal pattern of floral resource availability resulting from 'general flowering' at supra-annual intervals. Apis bees (but not Trigona species) are also important in most montane, subtropical and non-forest habitats. Apart from the figs (Ficus spp.), there are few well-documented examples of plant species visited by a single potential pollinator and most plant-pollinator relationships in the region appear to be relatively generalised. The small sizes of most pollinators and the absence of direct human exploitation probably make pollination mutualisms less vulnerable to failure as a result of human impacts than dispersal mutualisms, but more subtle impacts, as a result of altered gene flows, are likely to be widespread. On current evidence, pollination systems in the Oriental Region do not require any specific conservation action, but this review reinforces arguments for making the preservation (or restoration) of habitat connectivity the major focus of Oriental conservation.

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Section: ( 6) Dipteramentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region

Corlett¹

2004

Biological Reviews

148

108

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“…Recent studies suggest that CO 2 may also contribute to the interactions between flowers and insect pollinators. Floral CO 2 is primarily associated with elevated respiratory activity in thermogenic flowers, including deceptive flowers that mimic carrion and other decaying brood sites (22,23). Although CO 2 emission is a by-product of elevated floral temperature, the compound stimulus of CO 2 , heat, and foul odors most accurately mimics microbial activity in rotting meat (24,25).…”

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confidence: 99%

Context- and scale-dependent effects of floral CO ₂ on nectar foraging by Manduca sexta

Goyret

Markwell²,

Raguso³

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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fragrance ͉ odor ͉ olfaction ͉ pollination ͉ Sphingidae A nthophilous insects use information from a variety of sensory channels to locate flowers and feed from them (1). Thus, a crucial task for studying insect-plant interactions is to identify which components of the environment provide the sensory inputs used by insects, and to what extent context and scale affect their information content (2). Whereas flower colors and patterns (3, 4), whole-flower and nectar odors (5), and even corolla shape and texture are known features used by foraging insects and other nectivorous animals (6, 7), few studies have explicitly addressed the role of flower respiratory carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a stimulus involved in plant-pollinator interactions.Our knowledge of how insects use CO 2 as a sensory cue is derived primarily from studies of insects that vector diseases or attack crop plants. For example, many haematophagous insects use CO 2 to locate their animal hosts from a distance (8). Discontinuous CO 2 plumes modulate host-seeking behavior by mosquitoes (9, 10), suggesting that CO 2 acts as a long-range orientation stimulus (11). Tsetse flies and biting midges also use CO 2 as a long-range attractant that can synergize the attractiveness of other host odors (12, 13). However, CO 2 also functions as a close-range feeding stimulus (on the host's skin) for mosquitoes (8). CO 2 synergizes the attractiveness of some human skin odors to female yellow fever mosquitoes (14) and has been suggested to synergize triatomine bug responses to L(ϩ)-lactic acid (15).Some herbivorous insects show similar responses to CO 2 , although typically at closer range to its source than haematophagous insects. CO 2 alone is sufficient to guide Diabrotica virgifera beetle larvae toward corn roots (16), and larvae of noctuid (Helicoverpa armigera) (17) and pyralid (Elasmopalpus lignosellus) (18) moths orient to above-ambient CO 2 sources. Females of the pyralid moth Cactoblastis cactorum search for CO 2 sinks on photosynthetic stem surfaces of Opuntia stricta, as indicators of high carbon fixation activity (19). In this case, CO 2 gradients are used as close-range stimuli, as is true for tephritid flies that oviposit on fruit wounds, which provide a localized source of CO 2 and other olfactory oviposition stimulants (20). Finally, responses to CO 2 may be context-dependent. Tephritid flies respond to CO 2 when presented with a fruit-like visual stimulus (20). Within a certain concentration range, Drosophila melanogaster adults and larvae are repelled by CO 2 , and it has been suggested that these responses depend on the olfactory context (21).It is clear from the studies reviewed above that CO 2 may function alone or in concert with host odors, at a distance or at close range, via several behavioral mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that CO 2 may also contribute to the interactions between flowers and insect pollinators. Floral CO 2 is primarily associated with elevated respiratory activity in thermogenic flowers, including deceptive flowers that mim...

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“…Heating through physiological processes is, for instance, documented from tropical regions, where thermogenesis heats reproductive parts of the plant, such as in Rafflesiaceae (Patino et al 2002), Araceae (Meeuse & Raskin 1988) and several other angiosperm families. Our results indicate however that thermogenesis is not occurring in sub-Antarctic megaherbs, as plant temperatures overall were closely related to air temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf and floral heating in cold climates: do sub-Antarctic megaherbs resemble tropical alpine giants?

Little

Eidesen²,

Müller³

et al. 2016

Polar Research

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Is Rafflesia an endothermic flower?

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region

Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region

Context- and scale-dependent effects of floral CO ₂ on nectar foraging by Manduca sexta

Leaf and floral heating in cold climates: do sub-Antarctic megaherbs resemble tropical alpine giants?

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Is Rafflesia an endothermic flower?

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region

Flower visitors and pollination in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region

Context- and scale-dependent effects of floral CO 2 on nectar foraging by Manduca sexta

Leaf and floral heating in cold climates: do sub-Antarctic megaherbs resemble tropical alpine giants?

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Product

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Context- and scale-dependent effects of floral CO ₂ on nectar foraging by Manduca sexta