Is hydrogen a safe fuel?☆☆☆

Hord, J.

doi:10.1016/0360-3199(78)90016-2

Cited by 106 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Compared to natural gas, its use in the commercial and residential sectors is very limited. In the last few years, hydrogen has emerged (again) as a favored energy carrier of the future (Gregory and Pangborn, 1976;Hord, 1978;Fischer, 1986;Kruse et al, 2002;Shinnar, 2003). Interests are principally driven by the global climatological implications of carbon emissions from carboncontaining fuels, the promise of increased efficiency of and zero emissions from Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells, and other issues, including political=societal=strategic hyperbole (Rifkin, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Ignition of Pressurized Releases of Hydrogen and Natural Gas Into Air

Dryer

Chaos

Zhao

et al. 2007

Combustion Science and Technology

191

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This paper demonstrates the ''spontaneous ignition'' (autoignition=inflammation and sustained diffusive combustion) from sudden compressed hydrogen releases that is not well documented in the present literature, for which little fundamental explanation, discussion or research foundation exists, and which is apparently not encompassed in recent formulations of safety codes and standards for piping, storage, and use of high pressure compressed gas systems handling hydrogen. Accidental or intended, rapid failure of a pressure boundary separating sufficiently compressed hydrogen from air can result in multi-dimensional transient flows involving shock formation, reflection, and interactions such that reactant mixtures are rapidly formed and achieve chemical ignition, inflammation, and transition to turbulent jet diffusive combustion, fed by the continuing discharge of hydrogen. Both experiments and simple transient shock theory along with chemical kinetic ignition calculations are used to support interpretation of observations and qualitatively identify controlling gas properties and geometrical parameters. Although the phenomenon is demonstrated for pressurized hydrogen burst disk failures with different internal flow geometries, similar phenomena apparently do not necessarily occur for sudden boundary failures potential for producing ignition and continuing combustion. Much more experimental and computational work is required to quantitatively determine the envelope of parameter combinations that mitigate or enhance spontaneous ignition characteristics of compressed hydrogen as a result of sudden release, particularly if hydrogen is to become a major energy carrier interfaced with consumer use. Similar considerations for compressed methane, for mixtures of light hydrocarbons and methane (simulating natural gas), and for larger carbon number hydrocarbons show similar autoignition phenomena may occur with highly compressed methane or natural gas, but are unlikely with higher carbon number cases, unless the compressed source and=or surrounding air is sufficiently pre-heated above ambient temperature. Spontaneous ignition of compressed hydrocarbon gases is also generally less likely, given the much lower turbulent blow-off velocity of hydrocarbons in comparison to that for hydrogen.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Ignition of Pressurized Releases of Hydrogen and Natural Gas Into Air

Dryer

Chaos

Zhao

et al. 2007

Combustion Science and Technology

191

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The flammability limits (i.e., the difference between the rich and lean limit concentration) are exeptionally wide for hydrogen. Table 10 shows a comparison of safety-relevant thermo-physical and combustion properties of hydrogen with those of methane, propane and gasoline [31]. The flammability limits are affected by temperature as shown in Figure 11, so that a preheated mixture has con- Vol.…”

Section: Ignition and Detonation Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen, 1. Properties and Occurence

Häussinger

Lohmüller

Watson

2011

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. History 2. Properties 2.1. Physical Properties 2.1.1. General Physical Data 2.1.2. Solubilities, Diffusion Properties and Evaporation Equilibria 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.3. Ignition and Detonation Performance 2.4. Isotopes 3. Occurence

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“…Properties and Occurence, Section 2.3. For comprehensive compilations of safety characteristics and hazards on handling hydrogen see [36][37][38].…”

Section: Safety Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen, 5. Handling

Häussinger

Lohmüller

Watson

2011

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Quality Specifications 2. Compression and Expansion 3. Transportation and Distribution 4. Storage 5. Materials 6. Removal of Hydrogen 7. Safety Aspects 8. Toxicology 9. Analysis

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Is hydrogen a safe fuel?☆☆☆

Cited by 106 publications

References 21 publications

Spontaneous Ignition of Pressurized Releases of Hydrogen and Natural Gas Into Air

Spontaneous Ignition of Pressurized Releases of Hydrogen and Natural Gas Into Air

Hydrogen, 1. Properties and Occurence

Hydrogen, 5. Handling

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