Is High Prevalence of<i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i>in Wild and Domestic Animals Associated with Disease Incidence in Humans?

Gottstein, Bruno; Saucy, Francis; Deplazes, Peter; Reichen, Juerg; Demierre, G; Busato, André; Zuercher, Christian; Pugin, Paul

doi:10.3201/eid0703.010307

Cited by 67 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Other zoonotic intestinal helminths in dogs prevalent in central Europe include the taeniid worms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agents of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, respectively (Eckert and Deplazes 2004). E. multilocularis is widespread in foxes of central Europe and increasingly includes dogs as a definitive host (Gottstein et al 2001). Conversely, E. granulosus has practically disappeared in intermediate hosts in Switzerland and is only rarely found upon immigration or importation of infected dogs originating from endemic areas such as the Mediterranean basin (Eckert 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment

et al. 2005

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Coproscopic examination of 505 dogs originating from the western or central part of Switzerland revealed the presence (prevalence data) of the following helminthes: Toxocara canis (7.1%), hookworms (6.9%), Trichuris vulpis (5.5%), Toxascaris leonina (1.3%), Taeniidae (1.3%), Capillaria spp. (0.8%), and Diphyllobothrium latum (0.4%). Potential risk factors for infection were identified by a questionnaire: dogs from rural areas significantly more often had hookworms and taeniid eggs in their feces when compared to urban family dogs. Access to small rodents, offal, and carrion was identified as risk factor for hookworm and Taeniidae, while feeding of fresh and uncooked meat did not result in higher prevalences for these helminths. A group of 111 dogs was treated every 3 months with a combined medication of pyrantel embonate, praziquantel, and febantel, and fecal samples were collected for coproscopy in monthly intervals. Despite treatment, the yearly incidence of T. canis was 32%, while hookworms, T. vulpis, Capillaria spp., and Taeniidae reached incidences ranging from 11 to 22%. Fifty-seven percent of the 111 dogs had helminth eggs in their feces at least once during the 1-year study period. This finding implicates that an infection risk with potential zoonotic pathogens cannot be ruled out for the dog owner despite regular deworming four times a year.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment

et al. 2005

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“…It has been claimed that mass proliferation of the intrahepatic metacestode is putatively inhibited by an appropriate host immune response. The process finally resulted in the early ''dying-out'' of the metacestode, as already shown in several individuals by different authors (Rausch et al 1987;Bresson-Hadni et al 1994;Gottstein et al 2001) in which the lesions had ''aborted''. Lesions are considered to be aborted when they have completely calcified and no viability can be observed after surgical resection of the parasite lesion and subsequent transplantation into susceptible laboratory rodents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

An intact laminated layer is important for the establishment of secondary Echinococcus multilocularis infection

Gottstein

Dai

Walker

et al. 2002

Parasitology Research

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Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis primarily in rodents, but also in humans where it represents one of the most lethal helmintic infections. We used a susceptible mouse (C57BL/6) model to demonstrate failure in controlling secondary infection with the E. multilocularis metacestode, even when performed at the lowest possible infection dose. This was achieved by intraperitoneal or intrahepatic inoculation of a single parasite vesicle. In secondary infections, the primary physical barrier between the parasite and the host is constituted by the acellular laminated layer (LL), which is predominantly composed of high-molecular-weight glycans and surrounds the entire metacestode. Only those metacestode structures which exhibited an intact LL were successful in establishing infection, whereas metacestodes which were punctured - thus exhibiting an opened LL and thereby an accessible germinal layer - were no longer infective. Conversely, both types of vesicle survived in vivo maintenance, as assessed by RT-PCR based upon II/3 gene expression. In consequence, the encapsulating LL appears to be one of the key factors that mediates survival and successful proliferation of the parasite metacestode in vivo.

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“…The low prevalence of the E. multilocularis larval stage (a few percent) in intermediate hosts in rural areas of Western Europe is a general pattern, but the spatial distribution is heterogeneous. A higher prevalence in 10 m 2 micro-foci in M. arvalis and A. terrestris (10-40% prevalence) has been recorded in France and Switzerland (Delattre et al 1988;Gottstein et al 2001;Giraudoux et al 2002;Stieger et al 2002;Reperant et al 2009). The percentage of cyst fertility ranged between 8 and 30% for A. terrestris (Rausch 1995;Hofer et al 2000;Stieger et al 2002).…”

Section: Ecological System and Dietary Responsementioning

confidence: 90%

Predator dietary response to prey density variation and consequences for cestode transmission

et al. 2010

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The functional response of predators to prey density variations has previously been investigated in order to understand predation patterns. However, the consequences of functional response on parasite transmission remain largely unexplored. The rodents Microtus arvalis and Arvicola terrestris are the main prey of the red fox Vulpes vulpes in eastern France. These species are intermediate and definitive hosts of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. We explored the dietary and contamination responses of the red fox to variations in prey density. The dietary response differed between the two prey species: no response for M. arvalis and a type III-like (sigmoidal) response for A. terrestris that shows possible interference with M. arvalis. The fox contamination response followed a type II shape (asymptotic) for both species. We conclude that fox predation is species specific and E. multilocularis transmission is likely to be regulated by a complex combination of predation and immunologic factors. These results should provide a better understanding of the biological and ecological mechanisms involved in the transmission dynamics of trophically transmitted parasites when multiple hosts are involved. The relevance of the models of parasite transmission should be enhanced if non-linear patterns are taken into account.

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Is High Prevalence ofEchinococcus multilocularisin Wild and Domestic Animals Associated with Disease Incidence in Humans?

Cited by 67 publications

References 16 publications

Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment

Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment

An intact laminated layer is important for the establishment of secondary Echinococcus multilocularis infection

Predator dietary response to prey density variation and consequences for cestode transmission

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