Is hemiplegic cerebral palsy equivalent to amblyopia of the corticospinal system?

Eyre, J A; Smith, Martin A.; Dabydeen, Lyvia; Clowry, Gavin J.; Petacchi, Elisa; Battini, Roberta; Guzzetta, Andrea; Cioni, Giovanni

doi:10.1002/ana.21108

Cited by 235 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Eyre et al [2007] used TMS to study the development of the corticospinal tracts over the first 2 years of life in 39 infants with either unilateral or bilateral cerebral infarctions related to stroke, hemorrhage or hypoxia-ischemia compared to 32 healthy age-matched controls. They found that TMS stimulation initially evoked responses in the biceps muscle in infants with unilateral lesions but these responses became progressively abnormal and disappeared in seven patients.…”

Section: Plasticity In Children With Cerebral Palsymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity in the developing brain: Implications for rehabilitation

Johnston

2009

Dev Disabil Res Revs

416

271

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Neuronal plasticity allows the central nervous system to learn skills and remember information, to reorganize neuronal networks in response to environmental stimulation, and to recover from brain and spinal cord injuries. Neuronal plasticity is enhanced in the developing brain and it is usually adaptive and beneficial but can also be maladaptive and responsible for neurological disorders in some situations. Basic mechanisms that are involved in plasticity include neurogenesis, programmed cell death, and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Repetitive stimulation of synapses can cause long-term potentiation or long-term depression of neurotransmission. These changes are associated with physical changes in dendritic spines and neuronal circuits. Overproduction of synapses during postnatal development in children contributes to enhanced plasticity by providing an excess of synapses that are pruned during early adolescence. Clinical examples of adaptive neuronal plasticity include reorganization of cortical maps of the fingers in response to practice playing a stringed instrument and constraint-induced movement therapy to improve hemiparesis caused by stroke or cerebral palsy. These forms of plasticity are associated with structural and functional changes in the brain that can be detected with magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS and other forms of brain stimulation are also being used experimentally to enhance brain plasticity and recovery of function. Plasticity is also influenced by genetic factors such as mutations in brain-derived neuronal growth factor. Understanding brain plasticity provides a basis for developing better therapies to improve outcome from acquired brain injuries. ' 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 200915:94-101.

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Section: Plasticity In Children With Cerebral Palsymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity in the developing brain: Implications for rehabilitation

Johnston

2009

Dev Disabil Res Revs

416

271

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Babies who suffer neonatal strokes are at great risk for CP, yet surprisingly, the signs do not emerge for 1-2 years after birth (Bouza et al, 1994). Immediately after perinatal stroke, when signs are not present, TMS responses in babies that will later develop hemiplegic CP are similar to normal (Eyre et al, 2007). As these children grow older, TMS responses show an age-dependent decrease in the strength of responses evoked on the damaged side, along with a concurrent increase in the strength of bilateral responses evoked from the undamaged side.…”

Section: Implications For Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy Therapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As these children grow older, TMS responses show an age-dependent decrease in the strength of responses evoked on the damaged side, along with a concurrent increase in the strength of bilateral responses evoked from the undamaged side. Indeed, young children with fast-conducting ipsilateral CS tract fibers have the most severe motor impairments (Eyre et al, 2007). The undamaged side appears to maintain ipsilateral projections, and these projections get stronger with age.…”

Section: Implications For Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy Therapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bilateral Activity-Dependent Interactions in the Developing Corticospinal System

Friel¹,

Martin²

2007

J. Neurosci.

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Activity-dependent competition between the corticospinal (CS) systems in each hemisphere drives postnatal development of motor skills and stable CS tract connections with contralateral spinal motor circuits. Unilateral restriction of motor cortex (M1) activity during an early postnatal critical period impairs contralateral visually guided movements later in development and in maturity. Silenced M1 develops aberrant connections with the contralateral spinal cord whereas the initially active M1, in the other hemisphere, develops bilateral connections. In this study, we determined whether the aberrant pattern of CS tract terminations and motor impairments produced by early postnatal M1 activity restriction could be abrogated by reducing activity-dependent synaptic competition from the initially active M1 later in development. We first inactivated M1 unilaterally between postnatal weeks 5-7. We next inactivated M1 on the other side from weeks 7-11 (alternate inactivation), to reduce the competitive advantage that this side may have over the initially inactivated side. Alternate inactivation redirected aberrant contralateral CS tract terminations from the initially silenced M1 to their normal spinal territories and reduced the density of aberrant ipsilateral terminations from the initially active side. Normal movement endpoint control during visually guided locomotion was fully restored. This reorganization of CS terminals reveals an unsuspected late plasticity after the critical period for establishing the pattern of CS terminations in the spinal cord. Our findings show that robust bilateral interactions between the developing CS systems on each side are important for achieving balance between contralateral and ipsilateral CS tract connections and visuomotor control.

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“…The improvement in bimanual performance observed around 15 months coincides with the withdrawal of ipsilateral corticospinal projections and faster growth of axonal diameters in the contralateral projections in typically developing children (Eyre et al 2001). In children with unilateral damage to the motor cortex, displacement of contralateral projections from the damaged hemisphere with ipsilateral projections may explain why clear signs of hemiplegia only emerge at around 18 months (Eyre et al 2007). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bimanual strategies for object retrieval in infants and young children

et al. 2011

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Age differences in goal-directed bimanual coordination were studied in typically developing infants aged 9 -29 months, compared to a group of children aged 4-6 years and a group of adults, using an object retrieval task. This task required one hand to open and hold the lid of a transparent box, while the second hand retrieved a small toy from inside the box. Well-coordinated retrieval strategies with differentiated use of the two hands were not established in the majority of infants until 18 months of age. Temporal analysis of the hand actions revealed that, unlike adults who perform the task with close synchronization of the hands at the start, the infants performed the task sequentially and did not activate the second hand until the first hand had started to lift the lid. The children's hand preferences for the two hand actions also contrasted with those of adults. In children aged 27-29 months and 4-6 years there was a preference for using the right hand to lift the lid while in right-handed adults the reverse pattern was observed. The results suggest that although bimanual coordination starts to develop in the second year of life, the adult pattern of performance on this task is not observed before 6 years of age. It is likely that further maturation of the brain networks involved in bimanual coordination, and in particular functional interhemispheric transfer via the corpus callosum, is required before automatization of bimanual hand actions is achieved.

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Is hemiplegic cerebral palsy equivalent to amblyopia of the corticospinal system?

Cited by 235 publications

References 61 publications

Plasticity in the developing brain: Implications for rehabilitation

Plasticity in the developing brain: Implications for rehabilitation

Bilateral Activity-Dependent Interactions in the Developing Corticospinal System

Bimanual strategies for object retrieval in infants and young children

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