Is Early Nutrition Related to Short-Term Health and Long-Term Outcome

Szajewska, Hania; Makrides, Maria

doi:10.1159/000323465

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…As discussed previously, treatment of the MIA mouse model for ASD with the probiotic B. fragilis improved the mucosal barrier and gut dysbiosis, mitigated elevations in several metabolites associated with ASD, and abolished ASD-like behavioral disruptions (Hsiao et al, 2013). While much work remains to be done in order to determine whether probiotics should be promoted as an adjunct treatment of ASD patients, another idea that is gaining interest is the combined treatment of pre-and postbiotics, which is referred to as synbiotic therapy (Kaur et al, 2009;Firmansyah et al, 2011;Szajewska and Makrides, 2011;Fond et al, 2014). The efficacy of synbiotics in alleviating neurologic diseases merits further pursuit.…”

Section: Therapeutic Modulation Of Gut Dysbiosis and Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome Disturbances and Autism Spectrum Disorders

2015

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are considered a heterogenous set of neurobehavioral diseases, with the rates of diagnosis dramatically increasing in the past few decades. As genetics alone does not explain the underlying cause in many cases, attention has turned to environmental factors as potential etiological agents. Gastrointestinal disorders are a common comorbidity in ASD patients. It was thus hypothesized that a gut-brain link may account for some autistic cases. With the characterization of the human microbiome, this concept has been expanded to include the microbiota-gut-brain axis. There are mounting reports in animal models and human epidemiologic studies linking disruptive alterations in the gut microbiota or dysbiosis and ASD symptomology. In this review, we will explore the current evidence that gut dysbiosis in animal models and ASD patients correlates with disease risk and severity. The studies to date have surveyed how gut microbiome changes may affect these neurobehavioral disorders. However, we harbor other microbiomes in the body that might impact brain function. We will consider microbial colonies residing in the oral cavity, vagina, and the most recently discovered one in the placenta. Based on the premise that gut microbiota alterations may be causative agents in ASD, several therapeutic options have been tested, such as diet modulations, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, antibiotics, fecal transplantation, and activated charcoal. The potential benefits of these therapies will be considered. Finally, the possible mechanisms by which changes in the gut bacterial communities may result in ASD and related neurobehavioral disorders will be examined.

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Section: Therapeutic Modulation Of Gut Dysbiosis and Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome Disturbances and Autism Spectrum Disorders

2015

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“…Traditionally, this approach served primarily to early detect growth faltering as a marker of the presence of infectious and other diseases, or of inadequate nutrition, which show particularly rapid adverse effects on growth in infancy and early childhood [1]. More recently, however, the impact of excessive growth on child health has been receiving increasing attention [2][3][4].…”

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confidence: 99%

Early Influences of Nutrition on Postnatal Growth

Koletzko¹,

Beyer²,

Brands³

et al. 2013

Recent Advances in Growth Research: Nutritional, Molecular and Endocrine Perspectives

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Health and nutrition modulate postnatal growth. The availability of amino acids and energy, and insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) regulates early growth through the mTOR pathway. Amino acids and glucose also stimulate the secretion of IGF-I and insulin. Postnatal growth induces lasting, programming effects on later body size and adiposity in animals and in human observational studies. Rapid weight gain in infancy and the first 2 years was shown to predict increased obesity risk in childhood and adulthood. Breastfeeding leads to lesser high weight gain in infancy and reduces obesity risk in later life by about 20%, presumably partly due to the lower protein supply with human milk than conventional infant formula. In a large randomized clinical trial, we tested the hypothesis that reduced infant formula protein contents lower insulin-releasing amino acid concentrations and thereby decrease circulating insulin and IGF-I levels, resulting in lesser early weight gain and reduced later obesity risk (the 'Early Protein Hypothesis'). The results demonstrate that lowered protein in infant formula induces similar -but not equal -metabolic and endocrine responses and normalizes weight and BMI relative to breastfed controls at the age of 2 years. The results available should lead to enhanced efforts to actively promote, protect and support breastfeeding. For infants that are not breastfed or not fully breastfed, the use of infant formulas with lower protein contents but high protein quality appears preferable. Cows' milk as a drink provides high protein intake and should be avoided in infancy.

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“…The interest of pediatricians, other health care professionals, and the public in infant nutrition products is often focused on possible functional effects, such as potential risk reduction of allergic disorders or the potential benefits for child development or long-term health [1,2]. In contrast, pediatricians and other health care professionals often assume quality and safety as a matter of course and do not devote the same level of attention to these aspects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quality and Safety Aspects of Infant Nutrition

Koletzko¹,

Shamir

Ashwell

2012

Ann Nutr Metab

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Quality and safety aspects of infant nutrition are of key importance for child health, but oftentimes they do not get much attention by health care professionals whose interest tends to focus on functional benefits of early nutrition. Unbalanced diets and harmful food components induce particularly high risks for untoward effects in infants because of their rapid growth, high nutrient needs, and their typical dependence on only one or few foods during the first months of life. The concepts, standards and practices that relate to infant food quality and safety were discussed at a scientific workshop organized by the Child Health Foundation and the Early Nutrition Academy jointly with the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and a summary is provided here. The participants reviewed past and current issues on quality and safety, the role of different stakeholders, and recommendations to avert future issues. It was concluded that a high level of quality and safety is currently achieved, but this is no reason for complacency. The food industry carries the primary responsibility for the safety and suitability of their products, including the quality of composition, raw materials and production processes. Introduction of new or modified products should be preceded by a thorough science based review of suitability and safety by an independent authority. Food safety events should be managed on an international basis. Global collaboration of food producers, food-safety authorities, paediatricians and scientists is needed to efficiently exchange information and to best protect public health.

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Is Early Nutrition Related to Short-Term Health and Long-Term Outcome

Cited by 13 publications

References 114 publications

Microbiome Disturbances and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Microbiome Disturbances and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Early Influences of Nutrition on Postnatal Growth

Quality and Safety Aspects of Infant Nutrition

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