Is domestic tap water a risk for infections in neutropenic patients?

Baum, Heike von; Bommer, Martin; Forke, A.; Holz, Julian M.; Frenz, Patricia; Wellinghausen, Nele

doi:10.1007/s15010-010-0005-4

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Similarly, a high diversity of mycobacteria, some of which, such as M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. abscessus, and M. chelonae (33,47,65,73,77), are known to be opportunistic pathogens, has been demonstrated to be characteristic of the drinking water environment; among those species, M. avium is currently on the U.S. EPA candidate contaminant list. In the present study, a considerable number of mycobacteria were detected, accounting for 0.1% to 68% of total bacterial estimate, assuming that each bacterium has a single copy of the 16S rRNA gene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in hospital tap water (1.0 ϫ 10 3 to 2.0 ϫ 10 7 CFU/500 ml) (36) but higher than reported levels of Mycobacterium spp. in drinking water systems (e.g., 10 ϫ 10 5 to 7 ϫ 10 5 CFU/liter [33], 15 to 140 CFU/liter [72], and 1 to 1,000 CFU/500 ml [77]) determined by culturing methods according to the assumption that each mycobacterium has one genome copy of the 16S rRNA gene. Note that all qPCR assays applied in this study yielded slightly higher estimates than CFU counts (slope of 1.2 to 1.6), except the Mycobacterium and M. avium qPCR assays, which yielded lower estimates (slope of 0.8 to 0.9) (see Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Survey of the Occurrence of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Amoeba Hosts in Two Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Wang

Edwards

Falkinham

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

229

230

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ABSTRACTThe spread of opportunistic pathogens via public water systems is of growing concern. The purpose of this study was to identify patterns of occurrence among three opportunistic pathogens (Legionella pneumophila,Mycobacterium avium, andPseudomonas aeruginosa) relative to biotic and abiotic factors in two representative chloraminated drinking water distribution systems using culture-independent methods. Generally, a high occurrence ofLegionella(≥69.0%) and mycobacteria (100%), lower occurrence ofL. pneumophila(≤20%) andM. avium(≤33.3%), and rare detection ofPseudomonas aeruginosa(≤13.3%) were observed in both systems according to quantitative PCR. Also,Hartmanella vermiformiswas more prevalent thanAcanthamoeba, both of which are known hosts for opportunistic pathogen amplification, the latter itself containing pathogenic members. Three-minute flushing served to distinguish distribution system water from plumbing in buildings (i.e., premise plumbing water) and resulted in reduced numbers of copies ofLegionella, mycobacteria,H. vermiformis, and 16S rRNA genes (P< 0.05) while yielding distinct terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiles of 16S rRNA genes. Within certain subgroups of samples, some positive correlations, including correlations of numbers of mycobacteria and total bacteria (16S rRNA genes),H. vermiformisand total bacteria, mycobacteria andH. vermiformis, andLegionellaandH. vermiformis, were noted, emphasizing potential microbial ecological relationships. Overall, the results provide insight into factors that may aid in controlling opportunistic pathogen proliferation in real-world water systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Survey of the Occurrence of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Amoeba Hosts in Two Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Wang

Edwards

Falkinham

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

229

230

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“…Legionella spp. was cultured from six of the households (9.2%) [13]. Likewise, in another study in Catalonia, Legionella spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection ofLegionellaspp. from Domestic Water in the Prefecture of Arta, Greece

Dimitriadi

Velonakis

2014

Journal of Pathogens

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The aim of this research was the isolation of Legionella spp. from domestic water supply networks in the Prefecture of Arta. A total of 100 water samples, from 25 houses, were collected. Half of the samples concerned the cold water and half the hot water supply. Purpose was to detect colonization of the water networks with Legionella spp. >500 cfu/L by using the method of filtration (ISO 11731). Out of 100 samples, 6 samples from 3 houses were positive for Legionella spp. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 2–14 was isolated in 5 of 6 samples, whereas in the sixth sample Legionella anisa was identified. Only three of the samples had residual chloride over 0.2 mg/L, rate which is necessary for potable water, according to the Greek hygienic practice. Concerning the temperature of hot water, the mean temperature of the negative for Legionella samples was higher compared to the mean temperature of the positive for Legionella samples (49.9°C versus 45.5°C). It is estimated that there is risk of infection through the use of showers. The low concentration of chloride and the temperature, which was found within the limits favorable to developing Legionella spp. (20–45°C), provide fertile ground for proliferation of the bacteria.

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“…However, some researchers recommend flushing the tap for 1–2 minutes prior to sampling in order to exclude cold water (Bargellini et al, 2011; Borella et al, 2005). Since it is not easy to determine when cold water will be completely flushed out, reaching temperature equilibrium has been used as a criteria to determine when to collect samples (Moore et al, 2006; von Baum et al, 2010; Wellinghausen et al, 2001). Additional steps might be needed if the goal is to solely sample the hot water.…”

Section: Sampling Premise Plumbing and Sample Handlingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological approaches for monitoring opportunistic pathogens in premise plumbing: A review

et al. 2017

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Opportunistic pathogens inhabiting premise (i.e., building) plumbing (OPPPs, e.g., L. pneumophila, M. avium complex, P. aeruginosa, Acanthamoeba, and N. fowleri) are a significant and growing source of disease. Because OPPPs establish and grow as part of the native drinking water microbiota, they do not correspond to fecal indicators, presenting a significant challenge to common and effective monitoring strategies. Further, different OPPPs present distinct requirements for sampling, preservation, and analysis, creating a significant impediment to their parallel detection. The aim of this critical review is to synthesize the state of the science of monitoring OPPPs and to identify a path forward for their simultaneous detection and quantification in a manner commensurate with the need for reliable data to inform risk assessment and mitigation. Water and biofilm sampling procedures, as well as factors influencing sample representativeness and detection sensitivity, are critically evaluated with respect to the five representative bacterial and amoebal OPPPs noted above. Available culturing and molecular approaches are discussed in terms of their advantages, limitations, and applicability. Knowledge gaps and research needs are identified.

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Is domestic tap water a risk for infections in neutropenic patients?

Abstract: Although the risk of infection from household water-borne pathogens appears low, preventive measures may be considered on an individual basis in patients with long-term immunosuppression as well as in patients with long-term central-vascular catheterization.

Cited by 21 publications

References 24 publications

Molecular Survey of the Occurrence of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Amoeba Hosts in Two Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Molecular Survey of the Occurrence of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Amoeba Hosts in Two Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Detection ofLegionellaspp. from Domestic Water in the Prefecture of Arta, Greece

Methodological approaches for monitoring opportunistic pathogens in premise plumbing: A review

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