“…They have used donation cost as a proxy variable of CSR and investigated the empirical relationship with firm value (Vance, 1975;Alexander & Bucholz, 1978;Anderson & Frankle, 1980;Cochran & Wood, 1984;Aupperle, Carroll, & Halfield, 1985;Ullmann, 1985;McGuire, Sundgren, & Schneeweis, 1988;Waddock & Graves, 1997;Fombrun et al, 2000;Brown, Hellan, & Smith, 2006;Fishman, Heal, & Nair, 2006;Lev, Christine, & Suresh, 2006;Parket & Eilbirt, 2006;Bird, Hall, Momentè, & Reggiani, 2007). In those previous studies, firm value is usually defined as market value of equity, calculated by summing all of the company's outstanding shares.…”