Is Defensive Behavior a Subtype of Prosocial Behaviors?

Geraci, Alessandra; Franchin, Laura

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678370

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…Finally, our results argue that, contrary to the assumption of economic theory that rational agents are self-interested, individuals' decision making is strongly influenced by social interactions such as social concerns for justice, fairness, and reciprocity (Gouldner, 1960 ; Henrich et al, 2005 ; Fiddick et al, 2013 ; Geraci, 2020 ; Culpeper and Tantucci, 2021 ; Geraci and Franchin, 2021 ; Geraci et al, 2021 ). In particular, our work is further evidence of the need to broaden the range of regions for cross-cultural investigation for cognitive psychology and experimental economics (Henrich et al, 2010 ; Masuda et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…They help reinforce collaboration through rules that are known to all members of society. These rules lead to implicit expectations in actions and words from people interacting together (Geraci, 2020 ; Geraci and Franchin, 2021 ; Geraci et al, 2021 ). Since Leech ( 1983 ), it is admitted that communicative exchanges are subjected to the fundamental postulate “to be polite” in our interactions.…”

Section: The Ambiguity Of the Exchange Questionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 1 Recent experimental results, however, have revealed that toddlers have a very helpful behavior toward agents regarding biological needs, such as food and shelter, an effect that can also be seen with teenagers and adults (see Geraci and Franchin, 2021 ; Kienbaum and Mairhofer, 2021 ). …”

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confidence: 99%

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How the Custom Suppresses the Endowment Effect: Exchange Paradigm in Kanak Country

Baratgin

Godin²,

Jamet

2022

Front. Psychol.

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In this paper, Knetsch's exchange paradigm is analyzed from the perspective of pragmatics and social norms. In this paradigm the participant, at the beginning of the experiment, receives an object from the experimenter and at the end, the same experimenter offers to exchange the received object for an equivalent object. The observed refusal to exchange is called the endowment effect. We argue that this effect comes from an implicature made by the participant about the experimenter's own expectations. The participant perceives the received item as a gift, or as a present, from the experimenter that cannot be exchanged as stipulated by the social norms of western politeness common to both the experimenter and the participant. This implicature, however, should not be produced by participants from Kanak culture for whom the perceived gift of a good will be interpreted as a first act of exchange based on gift and counter-gift. This exchange is a natural, frequent, balanced, and indispensable act for all Kanak social bonds whether private or public. Kanak people also know the French social norms that they apply in their interactions with French people living in New Caledonia. In our experiment, we show that when the exchange paradigm takes place in a French context, with a French experimenter and in French, the Kanak participant is subject to the endowment effect in the same way as a French participant. On the other hand, when the paradigm is carried out in a Kanak context, with a Kanak experimenter and in the vernacular language, or in a Kanak context that approaches the ceremonial of the custom, the endowment effect is no longer observed. The same number of Kanak participants accept or refuse to exchange the endowed item. These results, in addition to providing a new explanation for the endowment effect, highlight the great flexibility of decisions according to social-cultural context.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Section: The Ambiguity Of the Exchange Questionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How the Custom Suppresses the Endowment Effect: Exchange Paradigm in Kanak Country

Baratgin

Godin²,

Jamet

2022

Front. Psychol.

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“…This also aligns with previous findings that the deception patterns of young adolescents with high ToM were most likely to be infrequent and prosocial in nature, as a way of protecting relationships ( Lavoie et al, 2017a ). This protecting relationships is a type of prosocial behavior (i.e., protective behavior in defense of another, Geraci and Franchin, 2021 ), and highlights that the relation between ToM and concealment likely changes throughout childhood in terms of how acceptable and adaptive it is to conceal information vs. disclose it. In this way, this study provides new evidence that a prosocial motivation may be a factor underlying the relation between ToM and concealment and disclosure in early adolescence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Theory of Mind and Concealing vs. Forthcoming Communication in Adolescence

Lavoie

Talwar

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Concealing information requires that adolescents manage the information that they share, which requires cognitive skills, for example, theory of mind (ToM). This study explored motivations for concealment that early adolescents (N = 90, M = 12.81 years, SD = 5.10 months, range 12–14 years, and 58% female) endorsed concealing or disclosing to friends and parents, in relation to their theory of mind. We found that adolescents broadly endorsed disclosure to both parents and friends, even when it might mean they would face consequences, be impolite (by not protecting another’s feelings), or face negative identity-related emotions. We found that ToM ability was associated with a tendency to endorse being forthcoming and sharing information with both friends and parents. These findings provide new insight into how the relation between ToM and concealment may change with age, specifically how in early adolescence it may foster open communication rather than concealment as is the case in early and middle childhood.

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“…The expectation of distress can also motivate more than just direct prosocial responses. When infants witness agents being attacked or being treated unfairly, they prefer agents that intervene or punish the offending agent, expect others to prefer them as well, and will reward the defenders as opposed to a bystander that does nothing ( Kanakogi et al, 2017 ; Geraci, 2020 ; Geraci and Franchin, 2021 ). By 16 months of age, infants will reward a fair agent who distributes resources equally more often than they will punish this agent, and will reward the fair agent more than an unfair agent ( Ziv et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children Consider Procedures, Outcomes, and Emotions When Judging the Fairness of Inequality

2022

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Children tend to view equal resource distributions as more fair than unequal ones, but will sometimes view even unequal distributions as fair. However, less is known about how children form judgments about inequality when different procedures are used. In the present study, we investigated children’s consideration of procedures (i.e., resource-distributing processes), outcomes (i.e., the distributions themselves), and emotions (i.e., the emotional reactions of those receiving the resources) when judging the fairness of unequal resource distributions. Participants (N = 130, 3- to 8-year-olds) were introduced to a Fair Coin (different color on each side) and an Unfair Coin (same color on both sides). In two between-subjects conditions, they watched a researcher flip either the Fair or Unfair Coin in order to distribute resources unequally between two child recipients. Participants then rated the fairness of this event, provided verbal justifications for their ratings (coded for references to procedures and/or outcomes), and rated the emotional state of each recipient (from which an Emotion Difference Score was computed). Results revealed that participants rated the event as more fair in the Fair Coin than the Unfair Coin condition. References to the outcome in children’s justifications predicted lower fairness ratings, while references to the procedure only predicted lower ratings in the Unfair Coin condition. Greater Emotion Difference Scores predicted lower fairness ratings, and this effect increased with age. Together, these results show that children consider procedures, outcomes, and emotions when judging the fairness of inequality. Moreover, results suggest age-related increases in consideration of recipients’ emotions makes inequality seem less fair, even when fair procedures are used. Implications for the development of fairness are discussed.

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Is Defensive Behavior a Subtype of Prosocial Behaviors?

Cited by 17 publications

References 55 publications

How the Custom Suppresses the Endowment Effect: Exchange Paradigm in Kanak Country

How the Custom Suppresses the Endowment Effect: Exchange Paradigm in Kanak Country

Theory of Mind and Concealing vs. Forthcoming Communication in Adolescence

Children Consider Procedures, Outcomes, and Emotions When Judging the Fairness of Inequality

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