Is Cross-Reactive Immunity Triggering COVID-19 Immunopathogenesis?

Beretta, Alberto; Cranage, Martin; Zipeto, Donato

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.567710

Cited by 61 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…Our study was performed on the cohort of 47 patients, thus more detailed information for cross-coronaviral immunity against different strains is needed. However, after the current report was published as preprint (Rabets et al 2020 ), there were a series of works confirming our idea, that humoral cross-coronaviral immunity is important in defining COVID (Beretta et al 2020 ; Lipsitch et al 2020 ; Yaqinuddin 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

The Potential of Developing Pan-Coronaviral Antibodies to Spike Peptides in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients

Rabets

Bila

Grytsko

et al. 2021

Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp.

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Coronaviruses share conservative spike protein (S) on their enveloped membrane surface, where S1 subunit recognizes and binds the cellular receptor, and the S2 subunit mediates membrane fusion. This similarity raises the question: does coronaviral infection by one create protection to others? Convalescent SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) sera were tested for cross reactivity with peptides from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) which shares 74% homology. Our results showed significant cross-reactivity with a peptide of the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) domain of the MERS-CoV spike protein. Sera samples of 47 validated seropositive convalescent COVID-19 patients and 40 sera samples of control patients, collected in pre-COVID time were used to establish cross-bind reactivity with the MERS-CoV peptide. Significantly stronger binding ( p < 0.0001) was observed for IgG antibodies in convalescent COVID-19 patients compared to the control group. In ELISA, MERS-CoV peptide helps to discriminate post-COVID-19 populations and non-infected ones by the presence of antibodies in blood samples. This suggests that polyclonal antibodies established during SARS-CoV-2 infection can recognize and probably decrease severity of MERS-CoV and other coronaviral infections. The high homology of the spike protein domain also suggests that the opposite effect can be true: coronaviral infections produce cross-reactive antibodies effective against SARS-CoV-2. The collected data prove that despite the core HR2 region is hidden in the native viral conformation, its exposure during cell entry makes it highly immunogenic. Since inhibitory peptides to this region were previously described, this opens new possibilities in fighting coronaviral infections and developing vaccines effective even after possible viral mutations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00005-021-00607-8.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

The Potential of Developing Pan-Coronaviral Antibodies to Spike Peptides in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients

Rabets

Bila

Grytsko

et al. 2021

Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp.

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“…Incidentally, TMPRSS2 has been the target of influenza viruses; the hemagglutinin protein of these viruses contains a monobasic cleavage site for TMPRSS2. It is also shown to modify and trigger the F protein of human metapneumovirus, thus numerous respiratory viral pathogens pirate TMPRSS2 and other proteins to promote their virulence [ 22 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Peptides as Novel Multi‐Targeted Therapeutic Candidates for SARS-CoV2

2021

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The COVID-19, an acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-CoV2 is a major catastrophic event of the twenty first century. Relentless efforts for the development of effective pharmaco-therapeutics are in progress but the respite is the development of effective vaccines. However, monotherapy might not always exhibit complete efficacy and may culminate in the rapid evolution of drug-resistant viral strains. Hence, simultaneous modulation of multiple druggable targets not only enhances therapeutic efficacy but also quell the prospects of mutant viruses. Currently, milk peptides have bloomed beyond just being a quintessential part of nutrition to prominent therapeutic implications in human health and diseases. Hence, we have focused on colostrum/milk peptides as they have already been acknowledged for their high potency, target specificity with significantly low or no side effects and bio-toleration. The results presented provide a conceptual strategy for the rational designing of prospective multitargeted peptide inhibitors for SARS-CoV2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10930-021-09983-8.

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“…Nevertheless, skepticism about vaccines and their potential side effects are widespread, resulting in vaccine hesitancy [13]. One of the potentially negative effects of December 29, 2020 2/14 a vaccine is the occurrence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) or, more general, enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) [14,15]. ADE is best understood in Dengue fever and was observed also in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV both in vitro and in vivo [16].…”

Section: Russia Was Ambitious To Release the World's First Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incentives for getting voluntary vaccines have been proposed, e.g., recently Qantas airlines announced to make the vaccine mandatory for their passengers [11,12]. a vaccine is the occurrence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) or, more general, enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) [14,15]. ADE is best understood in Dengue fever and was observed also in SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV both in vitro and in vivo [16].…”

Section: Russia Was Ambitious To Release the World's First Sars-cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns accounting for antibody-dependent enhancement

Adil

Obama

Mbeutchou

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccines are approved, vaccination campaigns are launched, and worldwide return to normality seems within close reach. Nevertheless, concerns about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines arose, due to their fast emergency approval. In fact, the problem of antibody-dependent enhancement was raised in the context of COVID-19 vaccines.Methods and findingsWe introduce a complex extension of the model underlying the pandemic preparedness tool CovidSim 1.1 (http://covidsim.eu/) to optimize vaccination strategies with regard to the onset of campaigns, vaccination coverage, vaccination schedules, vaccination rates, and efficiency of vaccines. Vaccines are not assumed to immunize perfectly. Some individuals fail to immunize, some reach only partial immunity, and – importantly – some develop antibody-dependent enhancement, which increases the likelihood of developing symptomatic and severe episodes (associated with higher case fatality) upon infection. Only a fraction of the population will be vaccinated, reflecting vaccination hesitancy or contraindications.We parameterized the model to reflect the situation in Germany and predict increasing incidence (and prevalence) in early 2021 followed by a decline by summer. Assuming contact reductions (curfews, social distancing, etc.) to be lifted in summer, disease incidence will peak again. Fast vaccine deployment contributes to reduce disease incidence in the first quarter of 2021, and delay the epidemic outbreak after the summer season. Higher vaccination coverage results in a delayed and reduced epidemic peak. A coverage of 75% – 80% is necessary to prevent an epidemic peak without further drastic contact reductions.ConclusionsWith the vaccine becoming available, compliance with contact reductions is likely to fade. To prevent further economic damage from COVID-19, high levels of immunization need to be reached before next year’s flu season, and vaccination strategies and disease management need to be flexibly adjusted. The predictive model can serve as a refined decision support tool for COVID-19 management.

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Is Cross-Reactive Immunity Triggering COVID-19 Immunopathogenesis?

Cited by 61 publications

References 78 publications

The Potential of Developing Pan-Coronaviral Antibodies to Spike Peptides in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients

The Potential of Developing Pan-Coronaviral Antibodies to Spike Peptides in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients

Milk Peptides as Novel Multi‐Targeted Therapeutic Candidates for SARS-CoV2

The impact of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns accounting for antibody-dependent enhancement

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