“…institutional privacy protection (Lee et al, 2023b) and so on. Specifically, there are two approaches: one involves enriching and refining the constituents of perceived benefits and perceived risks (Jozani et al, 2020;Eitiveni et al, 2023), or introducing additional antecedents to both (Eitiveni et al, 2023;Wang et al, 2016;Najafian et al, 2023;Kim et al, 2019); the alternative approach involves the integration of supplementary variables into the original model, alongside perceived benefits and perceived risks, serving as antecedents to the intention of privacy behavior (Lee et al, 2023a;Nabity-Grover et al, 2023).…”