Is cloning horses ethical?

Campbell, Madeleine

doi:10.1111/eve.12566

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The level of significance was set to P<0.05. HDmin/HDmax are approximately twice in magnitude compared to PDmin/PDmax at the same degree of subjectively perceived lameness [29] and the thresholds for asymmetry used in this study also show this relationship. In order to avoid this resulting in selection of only forelimb asymmetry when selecting each horse’s main asymmetry as below, equal weight needed to be given to both head and pelvic parameters.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Effect of meloxicam treatment on movement asymmetry in riding horses in training

et al. 2019

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Quantitative gait analysis has revealed that a large proportion of horses in training, perceived as free from lameness by their owners, show movement asymmetries of equal magnitude to horses with mild clinical lameness. Whether these movement asymmetries are related to orthopaedic pain and/or pathology has yet to be further investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether movement asymmetries in riding horses in training are affected by anti-inflammatory treatment with meloxicam. In a crossover design, horses were treated with meloxicam or placebo for four days respectively, with a 14–16 day washout period between treatments. Objective movement analysis utilising body mounted accelerometers was performed on a hard and a soft surface before and on day four of each treatment. A trial mean was calculated for the differences between the two vertical displacement minima and maxima of head (HDmin, HDmax) and pelvis (PDmin, PDmax) per stride. Horses (n = 66) with trial mean asymmetries greater than 6 mm for HDmin or HDmax, or more than 3 mm for PDmin or PDmax, at baseline were included. The difference before and after each treatment in the measured movement asymmetry was assessed with linear mixed models. Treatment with meloxicam did not significantly affect the movement asymmetry in any of the models applied (all p>0.30). These results raise new questions: are the movement asymmetries in riding horses in training simply expressions of biological variation or are they related to pain/dysfunction that is non-responsive to meloxicam treatment?

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Effect of meloxicam treatment on movement asymmetry in riding horses in training

et al. 2019

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“…Possibly because there is not the same public concern about the possible negative effects on human health when consuming food products derived from cloned animals, such as cattle and pigs (EFSA, ), data about the health and welfare of equine clones is scarce. The hormonal treatment for superovulation and ovum pickup in embryonic cloning may possibly be painful to donor mares as suggested by Campbell and Sandoe () and Campbell (). This points to possible welfare concerns and ethical considerations in the equine embryo technology industry.…”

Section: Breeding Of Sports‐and Companion Animals: Dogs Cats and Homentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hormonal treatment for superovulation and ovum pickup in embryonic cloning may possibly be painful to donor mares as suggested by Campbell and Sandoe (2015) and Campbell (2018). This points to possible welfare concerns and ethical considerations in the equine embryo technology industry.…”

Section: Cloningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethics in animal breeding

Farstad

2018

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Contents Ethical breeding involves the use of healthy animals true to their species in behaviour and physical appearance, and when applicable, showing a sustainable performance. The concerns for the species/breed are essential parts of the breeding goals, including preservation of genetic resources within the species/breed, and the health and welfare of the individual animal. Ethical and welfare considerations were often not prioritized in developing new breeds of production or companion animals. As a result, animal breeding practices are increasingly becoming part of the debate on animal welfare. In companion animals, breeding for curiosity or “cuteness” may be a goal in itself, although dogs are also bred for utility. In production animals, breeding focus is on performance, i.e., quantitative entities and financial income, rather than physical appearance. For instance, dairy cows are bred to be larger and to have higher milk yields, sows and ewes to produce more offspring, and horses are designed for riding, racing, and companionship. Overbreeding in relation to current demand of horses, cats, and dogs raises welfare issues due to abandonment or killing of horses and millions of cats and dogs every year. There is variable regulation of health requirements for breeding animals in different countries of the world. In many countries, consumers are becoming increasingly aware of animal welfare issues such as negative effects of certain production traits in farm animals, leading to decreased demand for their meat at a time where increased food production is becoming crucial. Amidst these dilemmas are the veterinarians. This paper deals with issues connected to traditional breeding as well as some of the breeding technologies, and includes food safety, ethics, and animal welfare.

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“…EAV is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), an economically important systemic, reproductive and respiratory disease of equids [2–8]. Transmission of EAV can occur through the respiratory or venereal routes by acutely infected horses or solely through the venereal route by persistently infected stallions [4, 8–10]. EAV infection in horses can be either asymptomatic or associated with a wide range of clinical signs, including dependent edema, conjunctivitis, periorbital or supraorbital edema, respiratory distress, urticaria and leukopenia [2–4, 8, 11–18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transmission of EAV can occur through the respiratory or venereal routes by acutely infected horses or solely through the venereal route by persistently infected stallions [4, 8–10]. EAV infection in horses can be either asymptomatic or associated with a wide range of clinical signs, including dependent edema, conjunctivitis, periorbital or supraorbital edema, respiratory distress, urticaria and leukopenia [2–4, 8, 11–18]. Infection of pregnant mares can result in abortion or birth of congenitally infected foals that frequently develop a fatal bronchointerstitial pneumonia or pneumoenteric syndrome [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine arteritis virus long-term persistence is orchestrated by CD8+ T lymphocyte transcription factors, inhibitory receptors, and the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis

et al. 2019

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Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has the unique ability to establish long-term persistent infection in the reproductive tract of stallions and be sexually transmitted. Previous studies showed that long-term persistent infection is associated with a specific allele of the CXCL16 gene ( CXCL16S ) and that persistence is maintained despite the presence of local inflammatory and humoral and mucosal antibody responses. Here, we performed transcriptomic analysis of the ampullae, the primary site of EAV persistence in long-term EAV carrier stallions, to understand the molecular signatures of viral persistence. We demonstrated that the local CD8 + T lymphocyte response is predominantly orchestrated by the transcription factors eomesodermin (EOMES) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 2 (NFATC2), which is likely modulated by the upregulation of inhibitory receptors. Most importantly, EAV persistence is associated with an enhanced expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 by infiltrating lymphocytes, providing evidence of the implication of this chemokine axis in the pathogenesis of persistent EAV infection in the stallion reproductive tract. Furthermore, we have established a link between the CXCL16 genotype and the gene expression profile in the ampullae of the stallion reproductive tract. Specifically, CXCL16 acts as a “hub” gene likely driving a specific transcriptional network. The findings herein are novel and strongly suggest that RNA viruses such as EAV could exploit the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis in order to modulate local inflammatory and immune responses in the male reproductive tract by inducing a dysfunctional CD8 + T lymphocyte response and unique lymphocyte homing in the reproductive tract.

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Is cloning horses ethical?

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Effect of meloxicam treatment on movement asymmetry in riding horses in training

Effect of meloxicam treatment on movement asymmetry in riding horses in training

Ethics in animal breeding

Equine arteritis virus long-term persistence is orchestrated by CD8+ T lymphocyte transcription factors, inhibitory receptors, and the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis

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