“…According to the speciation theory carcinogens initiate cancer by aneuploidization, which automatically unbalances thousands of genes and thus catalyzes chain reactions of progressive aneuploidizations [ 5 , 10 , 45 , 58 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. Over time, these aneuploidizations have two endpoints, either non-viable karyotypes or very rarely karyotypes of a new autonomous cancer cell [ 5 , 55 , 71 ] ( Figure 1 ). The low probability that random aneuploidizations generate a new autonomous cancer (or other species) explains why cancers have individual clonal karyotypes and are typically late [ 5 , 14 , 40 , 55 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ].…”