Is Caffeine a Flavoring Agent in Cola Soft Drinks?

For large-scale woodwind instrument makers, producing instruments with exactly the same playing characteristics is a constant aim. This paper explores manufacturing consistency by comparing five Howarth S10 student model oboes. Psychophysical testing involving nine musicians is carried out to investigate perceived differences in the playing properties of the two Howarth oboes believed to be most dissimilar. Further testing, involving one musician and combinations of the five oboes, provides information regarding the relative playabilities of the instruments at specific pitches. Meanwhile, input impedance measurements are made on the five oboes for fingerings throughout the playing range and their bore profiles are measured. The main findings are (i) the two instruments used in the preliminary psychophysical testing are perceived as identical by most of the musicians, although differences are identified by two players when playing the note F6 and by one player when playing in the lowest register, (ii) a variation in the playability of F6 across the five oboes is due to differences in the elevation of the C key, and (iii) variations in the playing properties in the lowest register are related to input impedance differences which, in turn, appear to be at least partly due to bore profile differences.

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“…In order to do this, each player undertook a 2-alternative forced choice test with warm-up 7,12 . The test procedure was as follows.…”

Section: A 2-alternative Forced Choice Test With Warm-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the consistency of woodwind instrument manufacturing by comparing five nominally identical oboes

Mamou-Mani

Sharp

Meurisse

et al. 2012

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…Although most teenagers are probably aware of common sources of caffeine such as coffee, hot tea, and regular soft drinks (Frary et al, 2005), they may be less aware of the high caffeine content in chocolate, iced tea, diet soft drinks, energy drinks, supplements, over-the-counter medications, and the like. Considering recent increases in consumer marketing of high caffeine-content beverages and foods (Day, 2004), and obvious parallels between the alleged addition of caffeine for "flavoring" purposes to similar claims made by the tobacco industry for nicotine contained in cigarettes (Griffiths & Vernotica, 2000), patient education may be an effective strategy to help counter these trends.…”

Section: Implications For Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent Caffeine Use, ADHD, and Cigarette Smoking

Walker

Abraham

Tercyak

2010

Children's Health Care

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“…have caffeine content of 1.5-2.5 and 0.8-1.3%, respectively (Costa 1994). It plays an integral role in the flavour profile of cola soft drinks and consequently it is added as an ingredient to approximately 70% of soft drinks in the USA (Griffiths and Vernotica 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%