Is Bejel Syphilis?

Akrawi, F

doi:10.1136/sti.25.3.115

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Indeed, it is a natural development that, in parts of the world where the incidence of infectious syphilis is reduced to a minimum, more and more emphasis is placed on the treatment of the individual and less on mass techniques. The addition of penicillin to the therapeutic armamentarium, has completely revolutionized the management of treponemal diseases since this antibiotic was, for the first time, successfully used in syphilis by Mahoney and others (1943), in yaws by Findlay and others (1944), and in bejel by Akrawi (1949). The rapid disappearance of treponemes from the early lesions of sporadic and endemic syphilis, yaws, bejel, and pinta has 2 WORLD HEALTH AND TREPONEMATOSES been demonstrated repeatedly.…”

Section: Individual and Mass Control Of Treponemal Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Akrawi (1949), in addition to his recent review of the state of our knowledge of the disease, showed 9 BRITISH JOURNAL OF VENEREAL DISEASES that " primary " lesions could be produced experimentally by inoculation to the human lip. (However, the " natural" early manifestations observed in bejel are oral mucous membrane lesions of a secondary type; and the late destructive manifestations in bejel are similar to syphilitic gumma.)…”

Section: Bejel and Njoveramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(However, the " natural" early manifestations observed in bejel are oral mucous membrane lesions of a secondary type; and the late destructive manifestations in bejel are similar to syphilitic gumma.) It has also been demonstrated (Akrawi 1949) that in previous sero-negative individuals the sole response of the human host could be sero-positivity resulting from the contact by oral mucous membranes with infectious bejel material suspended in water. This sub-clinical manifestation is of collateral interest in view of current discussions on the occurrence of asymptomatic re-infections in syphilis.…”

Section: Bejel and Njoveramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many other areas, syphilitic disease has remained a " true" communicable disease, being also transmitted by non-sexual contact, through juvenile play, drinking vessels, common eating utensils, and, perhaps, insects. The juvenile endemic syphilis of Bosnia (Kogoj and Vuletic, 1939;Guthe, 1948) and Inner Mongolia (Jessner and Rossiansky, 1930), the bejel of Iraq and Syria (Akrawi, 1949;Hasselmann, 1938;Hudson, 1937), and the njovera of Rhodesia (Willcox, 1949(Willcox, , 1950 represent health problems as real today as the " sibbens " of Britain in the 17th century, the " radesyge " of Norway in the 18th century, and the " spyrocolon " of Greece and Russia in the 19th century. In Yugoslavia, there were, until quite recently, an estimated 100,000 cases of syphilis in the endemic syphilis area in Bosnia alone.…”

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confidence: 99%

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World Health and Treponematoses

Guthe¹,

Reynolds²

1951

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Section: Individual and Mass Control Of Treponemal Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bejel and Njoveramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bejel and Njoveramentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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World Health and Treponematoses

Guthe¹,

Reynolds²

1951

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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“…Macqueen (1934) and Hasselmann (1938) do not deal with the subject. Akrawi (1949) stated that " the matter cannot be considered as settled unless field work among the tribes is done on a large scale".…”

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confidence: 99%

Aortitis in Bejel: A PRELIMINARY REPORT

Akrawi¹,

Rahim²

1951

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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A review of the literature shows that the occurrence of cardiovascular complications in bejel has received little attention. Hudson (1937) stated that he had never found a clinically substantiated case of aortic valve disease or aneurysm in bejel, and that in Bedouin patients hypertension was virtually unknown, and cardiovascular syphilis practically absent. Macqueen (1934) and Hasselmann (1938) The general characteristics and size of the ascending aorta, the arch, and the descending aorta were studied under fluoroscopy. Localized bulgings, particularly of the ascending aorta, were taken as pathognomonic of syphilitic aortitis (Stokes and others, 1944). A search was made for linear calcification in the walls of the aorta, considered by Thorner and Carter (1948) as pathognomonic of syphilitic aortitis, but this was not found.The " swinging-door pulsation phenomenon " was not encountered, but " sluggish pulsations " were noted in one case. In measuring the aortic knob, we followed the method and recommendations of Roesler (1943)

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The origin and antiquity of syphilis revisited: An Appraisal of Old World pre‐Columbian evidence for treponemal infection

Harper

Zuckerman

Harper

et al. 2011

American J Phys Anthropol

155

138

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For nearly 500 years, scholars have argued about the origin and antiquity of syphilis. Did Columbus bring the disease from the New World to the Old World? Or did syphilis exist in the Old World before 1493? Here, we evaluate all 54 published reports of pre‐Columbian, Old World treponemal disease using a standardized, systematic approach. The certainty of diagnosis and dating of each case is considered, and novel information pertinent to the dating of these cases, including radiocarbon dates, is presented. Among the reports, we did not find a single case of Old World treponemal disease that has both a certain diagnosis and a secure pre‐Columbian date. We also demonstrate that many of the reports use nonspecific indicators to diagnose treponemal disease, do not provide adequate information about the methods used to date specimens, and do not include high‐quality photographs of the lesions of interest. Thus, despite an increasing number of published reports of pre‐Columbian treponemal infection, it appears that solid evidence supporting an Old World origin for the disease remains absent. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 54:99–133, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Is Bejel Syphilis?

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

World Health and Treponematoses

World Health and Treponematoses

Aortitis in Bejel: A PRELIMINARY REPORT

The origin and antiquity of syphilis revisited: An Appraisal of Old World pre‐Columbian evidence for treponemal infection

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