Is atmospheric CO 2 a selective agent on model C 3 annuals?

Abstract

Atmospheric CO partial pressure (pCO) was as low as 18 Pa during the Pleistocene and is projected to increase from 36 to 70 Pa CO before the end of the 21st century. High pCO often increases the growth and reproduction of C annuals, whereas low pCO decreases growth and may reduce or prevent reproduction. Previous predictions regarding the effects of high and low pCO on C plants have rarely considered the effects of evolution. Knowledge of the potential for evolution of C plants in response to CO is important for predicting the degree to which plants may sequester atmospheric CO in the future, and for understanding how plants may have functioned in response to low pCO during the Pleistocene. Therefore, three studies using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for C annuals were conducted: (1) a selection experiment to measure responses to selection for high seed number (a major component of fitness) at Pleistocene (20 Pa) and future (70 Pa) pCO and to determine changes in development rate and biomass production during selection, (2) a growth experiment to determine if the effects of selection on final biomass were evident prior to reproduction, and (3) a reciprocal transplant experiment to test if pCO was a selective agent on Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis showed significant positive responses to selection for high seed number at both 20 and 70 Pa CO during the selection process. Furthermore, plants selected at 20 Pa CO performed better than plants selected at 70 Pa CO under low CO conditions, indicating that low CO acted as a selective agent on these annuals. However, plants selected at 70 Pa CO did not have significantly higher seed production than plants selected at 20 Pa CO when grown at high pCO. Nevertheless, there was some evidence that high CO may also be a selective agent because changes in development rate and biomass production during selection occurred in opposite directions at low and high pCO. Plants selected at high pCO showed no change or reductions in biomass relative to control plants due to a decrease in the length of the life cycle, as indicated by earlier initiation of flowering and senescence. In contrast, selection at low CO resulted in an average 35% increase in biomass production, due to an increase in the length of the life cycle that resulted in a longer period for biomass accumulation before senescence. From the Arabidopsis model system we conclude that some C annuals may have produced greater biomass in response to low pCO during the Pleistocene relative to what has been predicted from studies exposing a single generation of C plants to low pCO. Furthermore, C annuals may exhibit evolutionary responses to high pCO in the future that may result in developmental changes, but these are unlikely to increase biomass production. This series of studies shows that CO may potentially act as a selective agent on C annuals, producing changes in development rate and carbon accumulation that could not have been predicted from single-generation studies.

Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO 2 ]

“…This is despite substantial evidence indicating that subambient [CO 2 ] concentrations are an important selective agent [11,71] [63,65,69] or herbivory [85,86], evolutionary effects may be more likely in more stressful biotic environments. Similarly, evolutionary effects of elevated [CO 2 ] also may be more likely when plants experience abiotic stress, such as drought or nutrient limitation.…”

“…The first approach uses 'selection in controlled environments' experiments (sensu [75] e.g. [68,71] 2 ]. The advantage of the selection in a controlled environment approach is that it specifically tests for whether an evolutionary response occurs; however, the mechanisms underlying the response cannot be identified.…”

Long-term culture at elevated atmospheric CO2fails to evoke specific adaptation in seven freshwater phytoplankton species

“…Experiments using reciprocal transplantation after selection at elevated CO 2 are the clearest way of demonstrating an evolutionary response [6], but few have been reported for elevated CO 2 [7][8][9][10][11]. Some reciprocal transplant experiments in plants have shown adaptation to CO 2 concentration below current levels, but they have consistently failed to detect specific adaptation to elevated CO 2 [8,9]. The only study of land plants that has shown an effect of high CO 2 across generations was a single-generation reciprocal transplant experiment that was not capable of distinguishing between maternal effects and genetic change [7].…”

Composition and carbon dynamics of forests in northeastern North America in a future, warmer worldThis article is one of a selection of papers from NE Forests 2100: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Forests of the Northeastern US and Eastern Canada.

“…This effect may result from interactions with ethylene, a C-based plant hormone that stimulates germination. Other studies have found that seeds from parental plants reared in elevated CO 2 may have higher C:N ratios and develop into smaller, slower-growing seedlings (Huxman et al 1998;Ward et al 2000). Reproductive impacts of increased N deposition are equivocal: plant fecundity may increase or remain unchanged as a result of increased N availability (Gordon et al 1999;Callahan et al 2008).…”