Is arterial calcification in children and adolescents with end‐stage renal disease a rare finding?

Arterial calcification is a common phenomenon in the elderly, in patients with atherosclerosis or renal failure and in diabetes. However, when present in very young individuals, it is likely to be associated with an underlying hereditary disorder of arterial calcification. Here, we present an overview of the few monogenic disorders presenting with early-onset cardiovascular calcification. These disorders can be classified according to the function of the respective disease gene into (1) disorders caused by an altered purine and phosphate/pyrophosphate metabolism, (2) interferonopathies, and (3) Gaucher disease. The finding of arterial calcification in early life should alert the clinician and prompt further genetic work-up to define the underlying genetic defect, to establish the correct diagnosis, and to enable appropriate therapy.

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Hereditary Disorders of Cardiovascular Calcification

Rutsch

Buers

Nitschke

2021

ATVB

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Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update and Perspective

Ren

et al. 2022

Aging and disease

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Chronic kidney disease is a devastating condition resulting from irreversible loss of nephron numbers and function and leading to end-stage renal disease and mineral disorders. Vascular calcification, an ectopic deposition of calcium-phosphate salts in blood vessel walls and heart valves, is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Moreover, aging and related metabolic disorders are essential risk factors for chronic kidney disease and vascular calcification. Marked progress has been recently made in understanding and treating vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. However, there is a paucity of systematic reviews summarizing this progress, and investigating unresolved issues is warranted. In this systematic review, we aimed to overview the underlying mechanisms of vascular calcification in chronic kidney diseases and discuss the impact of chronic kidney disease on the pathophysiology of vascular calcification. Additionally, we summarized potential clinical diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic applications for vascular calcification with chronic kidney disease. This review may offer new insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention of vascular calcification.

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Uremic Toxins and Vascular Calcification–Missing the Forest for All the Trees

Rapp

Evenepoel

Stenvinkel

et al. 2020

Toxins

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The cardiorenal syndrome relates to the detrimental interplay between the vascular system and the kidney. The uremic milieu induced by reduced kidney function alters the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and promotes vascular calcification, a condition which is strongly linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Biological mechanisms involved include generation of reactive oxygen species, inflammation and accelerated senescence. A better understanding of the vasotoxic effects of uremic retention molecules may reveal novel avenues to reduce vascular calcification in CKD. The present review aims to present a state of the art on the role of uremic toxins in pathogenesis of vascular calcification. Evidence, so far, is fragmentary and limited with only a few uremic toxins being investigated, often by a single group of investigators. Experimental heterogeneity furthermore hampers comparison. There is a clear need for a concerted action harmonizing and standardizing experimental protocols and combining efforts of basic and clinical researchers to solve the complex puzzle of uremic vascular calcification

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Is arterial calcification in children and adolescents with end‐stage renal disease a rare finding?

Abstract: Arterial calcification is rare in children and adolescents with end-stage renal disease. The factors associated with intimal media thickness were age and systolic blood pressure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Hereditary Disorders of Cardiovascular Calcification

Hereditary Disorders of Cardiovascular Calcification

Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update and Perspective

Uremic Toxins and Vascular Calcification–Missing the Forest for All the Trees

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