Is an electric vehicle in your future?

Hackleman, Edwin C.

doi:10.1021/es60132a009

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In addition, electricity as the power source of a bus has been considered in the market and especially in government reports, and has been suggested as the near future's main energy source for most vehicles because of its potential environmental benefits. In 1977, Hackleman asked a crucial question in his article titled BIs an electric vehicle in your future?^ (Hackleman 1977). According to the numerous studies for electric vehicles and demand for electric-powered vehicles on the roads, the answer is a clear yes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation buses with alternative fuel options

Ercan

Tatari

2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Alternative fuel options are gaining popularity in the vehicle market. Adopting alternative fuel options for public transportation compared to passenger vehicles contributes exponentially to reductions in transportation-related environmental impacts. Therefore, this study aims to present total air pollutant emissions and water withdrawal impacts through the lifetime of a transit bus with different fuel options. Methods In consideration of market share and future development trends, diesel, biodiesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), hybrid (diesel-electric), and battery electric (BE) transit buses are analyzed with an inputoutput (IO)-based hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) model. In order to accommodate the sensitivity of total impacts to fuel economy, three commonly used driving cycles are considered: Manhattan, Central Business District (CBD), and Orange County Transit Authority (OCTA). Fuel economy for each of these driving cycles varies over the year with other impacts, so a normal distribution of fuel economy is developed with a Monte Carlo simulation model for each driving cycle and corresponding fuel type. Results and discussion Impacts from a solar panel (photovoltaic, PV) charging scenario and different grid mix scenarios are evaluated and compared to the nation's average grid mix impacts from energy generation to accommodate the lifetime electricity needs for the BE transit bus. From these results, it was found that the BE transit bus causes significantly low CO 2 emissions than diesel and other alternative fuel options, while some of the driving cycles of the hybrid-powered transit bus cause comparable emissions to BE transit bus. On the other hand, lifetime water withdrawal impacts of the diesel and hybrid options are more feasible compared to other options, since electricity generation and natural gas manufacturing are both heavily dependent on water withdrawal. In addition, the North American Electricity Reliability Corporation's (NERC) regional electricity grid mix impacts on CO 2 emissions and water withdrawal are presented for the BE transit bus.Conclusions As an addition of current literature, LCA of alternative fuel options was performed in this paper for transit buses with the consideration of a wide variety of environmental indicators. Although the results indicate that BE and hybrid-powered buses have less environmental emissions, the US's dependency on fossil fuel for electricity generation continues to yield significant lifetime impacts on BE transit bus operation. With respect to water withdrawal impacts, we believe that the adoption of BE transit buses will be faster and more environmentally feasible for some NREC regions than for others.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation buses with alternative fuel options

Ercan

Tatari

2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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“…The carbon porous felt (Qijie Q-FCEB090A, 900 lm in thickness and 75% porosity with an average pore size of 45 lm and a specific surface area of 0.15 m 2 g À1 ) was used as the porous electrodes. The positive electrode was soaked in a 2.0 M VOSO 4 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, traditional batteries have been unable to meet the demands of very rapid and deep charging/discharging with a very long cycle life. [1][2][3][4][5] For example, the energy and power of an "energy-type" Li ion battery were 160 Wh and 710 W, while those of a "power-type" Li ion battery were 107 Wh and 1250 W with the same weight, both manufactured by Johnson Controls-Saft Advanced Power Solutions (Joint venture between JCI and Saft). 6 These numbers illustrated that, upon increasing the power density by 76%, one third of the energy density was sacrificed by the battery.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…PAN carbon felt is a polyacrylonitrile fiber processed into felt, which succeeded by preoxygen, charring and high temperature treatment. The initial active species at the positive and negative electrodes of each unit were the same as a mixed solution of 1.05 M VOSO 4 The second stack was a combination of four-unit modules in parallel. The initial active species at the positive and negative electrodes of each unit were a 1.6 M VOSO 4 and 0.8 M V 2 (SO 4 ) 3 in 2.0 M H 2 SO 4 solution, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Energy Storage Device for Electric Vehicles

Zhang

Dong

Zheng

et al. 2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Because of an improved mass transfer process, chemical energy in a liquid phase, which has been absorbed into the micro-pores of porous electrodes, may be electrochemically converted into electrical energy at a high rate and with a long cycle life. Based on this principle, we demonstrated methods for a new electrochemical storage device, which had higher specific power, a much longer cycle life than existing storage batteries and a greater specific energy than existing supercapacitors. Even at the high current rate of 80 C for deep charge/discharge, a long cycle life (30,000) and good utilization efficiency have been achieved. This new device may be developed into a new family of energy storage systems with a variety of applications. The first important practical application could be on-board, rechargeable electric energy storage devices for electric vehicles. With the growing crises concerning natural resources and environmental pollutants, it has been an urgent need to utilize energy efficiently and cleanly. Specifically, the gradual depletion of petroleum resources has led to an immediate need for the development of battery-powered electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The power source has been the most critical problem in the development of EVs. One of the key challenges in the development of such a power source has been identifying a means to deliver/ accept high input/output power.Batteries have satisfactorily met many end-user demands when charged and discharged at a moderate rate. However, traditional batteries have been unable to meet the demands of very rapid and deep charging/discharging with a very long cycle life.1-5 For example, the energy and power of an "energy-type" Li ion battery were 160 Wh and 710 W, while those of a "power-type" Li ion battery were 107 Wh and 1250 W with the same weight, both manufactured by Johnson Controls-Saft Advanced Power Solutions (Joint venture between JCI and Saft). 6 These numbers illustrated that, upon increasing the power density by 76%, one third of the energy density was sacrificed by the battery.Supercapacitors have been developed as power-type energy storage devices for EV for acceleration, hill climbing and the recovery of braking energy. However, the main disadvantages of supercapacitors have been the low energy density and high cost. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] A storage device for EVs/HEVs is expected to deliver highpower energy output pulses as well as having the capacity for rapid recharge. Thus, the device should possess the combined advantages of high specific power, a long life cycle, high specific energy, safety, and low cost.Here, we introduce a new device for energy storage that was based on the electrode reaction of porous electrodes soaked in the electrochemically active material in liquid solution. This paper illustrates our pursuits for high rate, deep charge-discharge and long cycle life performances that fulfill the requirements of electric vehicles and other portable devices. The performance of this device is discussed ...

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“…Bicycles are also following the EV trend wherein various new economical bicycle designs with two-way driving control are developed [2]. The EV operates through motor and a large battery [3], [4]. Electric vehicle (EV) assembly processes have unique challenges due to their complex components and high-tech features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SEM Approach for Analysis of Lean Six Sigma Barriers to Electric Vehicle Assembly

Zope,

Swami,

Patil

2023

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This study investigates the barriers that the Lean Six Sigma implementation faces during the assembly of electric vehicles. In order to implement lean Six Sigma methodology in electric vehicle assembly processes effectively, it is crucial to identify and analyze the barriers that hinder process improvement. To identify the obstacles and create a conceptual model, a thorough literature review was conducted. Four factors, namely, integration of assembly, inspection, and testing, lack of trained and knowledgeable human resources, external and in-plant battery transportation, and manual assembly and rigid automation, were found to have the potential to affect the lean Six Sigma implementation. Three drivers, namely assembly cost, assembly time, and assembly effort were selected for the study. The model is then tested using the structural equation modeling and the gathered data. The results show a significant relationship between the three drivers and the four barriers of Lean Six Sigma implementation to the electric vehicle assembly.

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Is an electric vehicle in your future?

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

A hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation buses with alternative fuel options

A hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation buses with alternative fuel options

Electrochemical Energy Storage Device for Electric Vehicles

SEM Approach for Analysis of Lean Six Sigma Barriers to Electric Vehicle Assembly

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