Is All Asthenopia the Same?

Ophthalmological factors influencing visual asthenopia as a result of viewing 3D displays

“…To evaluate subjective visual symptoms, we modified the questionnaire from the previously published report of Sheedy et al 10 In our experiment, all subjective symptoms were significantly altered after watching 3D displays in comparison with 2D displays. However, no specific symptom was found to be more related to 3D asthenopia.…”

“…The questionnaire was based on a study previously published by Sheedy et al 10 The symptom sensation questionnaire contained six identical analogue scales (0=none and 6=too severe to stand) on which the subject recorded the magnitude of each of the symptoms. At the end of watching the 3D display, the subjects answered the questionnaire.…”

Changes in ocular factors according to depth variation and viewer age after watching a three-dimensional display

“…Eight symptoms were included in the questionnaire, based on previous studies10 11: dullness, diplopia, irritation, blurred vision, dryness, ocular pain, headache and dizziness. After watching the 3D images, subjects underwent the ocular exams and then completed the questionnaire.…”

A Delphi study to develop practical diagnostic guidelines for visual stress (pattern-related visual stress)

“…Certainly, some of these items in isolation would not be suitable for diagnosis. For example, in Table 1 items 1 and 2 could have many optometric causes 28 which would have to be excluded before coloured lenses were considered. Reports of an immediate improvement in symptoms (Item 4 in Table 1), occurs with high frequency29, 30, 31 and should not be used as a sole criterion for VS.…”