Irrigation on the move: How transient farming partnerships facilitate the expansion of smallholder irrigation along ephemeral rivers in dryland areas of Kenya

Karimba, Benson Mutuma; Duker, Annelieke; Prasad, Pooja; Karimi, Poolad; Fraiture, Charlotte de; Zaag, Pieter van der

doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107526

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…e contradiction between the supply and demand of water resources in China's northwest inland areas is also more prominent. For the allocation and utilization of water resources among various water rights subjects, serious and frequent conflicts of interest have arisen [1,2]. e most stringent water resource management system, dual control over the quantity and intensity of natural resource consumption, and the "reverse pressure" to build an energysaving society in an all-round way will promote the development of the international natural resource rights exchange mechanism into an effective solution to international water use indicators and water consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Blockchain Technology in Water Rights Trading in the Irrigation Area under the Internet-of-Things Environment

Xie

Yang

et al. 2022

Security and Communication Networks

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Water rights trading is an important way to solve the shortage of water resources. Combined with the characteristics of water resources and the requirements of the market economy, the organic combination of the government and the market should be strengthened. Through the establishment of a water rights system and a water rights trading market, the implementation of water rights trading will be promoted. Due to the decentralized and distributed structure, blockchain technology greatly reduces its intermediary cost in the application process. The tamper-resistant timestamp feature can realize data tracking and information anticounterfeiting, and flexible programming attributes can promote the specification of market order. Firstly, the reasons for water rights trading are studied, and the water rights trading system is analyzed. It is found that the system has the problems of the cumbersome transaction process and high transaction costs. According to the characteristics of water rights trading, the alliance chain Hyperledger Fabric is selected as the underlying network system of the trading system. Secondly, combined with water rights trading, Hyperledger Fabric multichannel technology is used to design a three-channel accounting method, and the chain code for water rights trading is designed and implemented based on the Go language. CouchDB is adopted to store key-value data, and Ubuntu, Docker, and Docker Compose are used to construct an operating environment of the chain code. Finally, the proposed system is tested. The test findings reveal that the distributed water volume of experimental area 1 is 41.8368 million m3, the current water volume is 23.831 million m3, and the quota management water volume is 20.432 million m3. The distributed water volume in area 2 is 40.4605 million m3, the current water volume is 4317.64 m3, and the quota management water volume is 77.4795 million m3. The distributed water volume in area 3 is 65.6928 million m3, the current water volume is 77.472 million m3, and the quota management water volume is 64.412 million m3. The water rights trading system based on Hyperledger Fabric can record each transaction data, which can be stored in each node, and the data stored in each node are the same. The proposed scheme provides a certain reference for the application of blockchain technology in water rights trading in irrigation areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Blockchain Technology in Water Rights Trading in the Irrigation Area under the Internet-of-Things Environment

Xie

Yang

et al. 2022

Security and Communication Networks

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“…We now illustrate the potential of AdIP using the example of sandriver supported small-scale irrigation development, which is based on our past and ongoing research, including lessons from our action research activities (Duker et al, 2020a(Duker et al, , 2022Karimba et al, 2022).…”

Section: Example: the Case Of Sand River Based Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given these known challenges of large irrigation projects, combined with growing challenges from future uncertainties due to changing climate or socio-political environments, we see a danger in the conventional approach to irrigation planning. In this Perspective paper, we draw upon our (action) research experience on investments in small-holder irrigation development (Duker et al, 2020a(Duker et al, , 2022Karimba et al, 2022) to instead call for alternative ways of investments, which can adapt to a rapidly changing uncertain world, minimize adverse impacts to society and environment, and empower communities.…”

Section: Introduction: Current Approaches To Irrigation Development A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Irrigation development under uncertainty: A call for adaptive investment pathways

Prasad

Duker

Fraiture

et al. 2023

Environmental Science & Policy

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“…They are connected to local and regional (export) markets, mostly through brokers. Besides land and water availability, another trigger to irrigation expansion has been the tarmacking of the road connecting the area to Nairobi in 2018-2019 (Karimba et al, 2022).…”

Section: Area Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along the Olkeriai sand river in southern Kenya, different forms of market-oriented irrigation have emerged and expanded over the past two decades. The prevalent arrangement is a partnership between a capital provider, known as tajiri, and two or three migrant farmers (Karimba et al, 2022). In this semi-arid area, these partnerships shape access to land and water through short-term leases from local Maasai landowners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Security in flexibility: accessing land and water for irrigation in Kenya’s changing rural environment

Duker

Karimba

Wani³

et al. 2022

Cah. Agric.

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In the semi-arid lands of southern Kenya, a dynamic process of farmer-led irrigation has developed over the past two decades. It is characterised by short-term agreements to access land and water. Resident and migrant farmers, capital providers and local landowners have engaged in diverse partnerships to benefit from water and land along the Olkeriai sand river. This study aims to unravel which actors and motives drive the resulting highly dynamic forms of irrigation. Surveys, in-depth interviews and mapping exercises with farmers, capital providers and landowners were conducted over a period of 1.5 years. The results show that involved actors favour short-term lease and partnership arrangements and farmers frequently change fields along the river or leave the area and return. It is primarily the migrant farmers and capital providers who take decisions on when and where to move. They are informed by their experience with production factors, financial gains and losses, partner relations, or the ability to expand. We conclude that individualisation of land rights, migration, abundance of water, proximate markets, and rural-urban networks are instrumental to the emergence of this dynamic form of agriculture. Farmers have found a degree of security in flexibility, to access land and water in shifting fields and partners, rather than in property rights for specific plots. Yet, the short-term scope of these operations for monetary gains raises concerns about the sustainable use of land and water resources in the region.

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Irrigation on the move: How transient farming partnerships facilitate the expansion of smallholder irrigation along ephemeral rivers in dryland areas of Kenya

Cited by 11 publications

References 14 publications

Application of Blockchain Technology in Water Rights Trading in the Irrigation Area under the Internet-of-Things Environment

Application of Blockchain Technology in Water Rights Trading in the Irrigation Area under the Internet-of-Things Environment

Irrigation development under uncertainty: A call for adaptive investment pathways

Security in flexibility: accessing land and water for irrigation in Kenya’s changing rural environment

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