Irrigating Turfgrass and Landscape Plants With Municipal Recycled Water

Harivandi, M. A.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2000.537.82

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Harivandi [4] highlights that the main factors that affect the decision to use recycled water for turfgrass irrigation include: human health considerations, seasonal and annual variations in water quality, soil conditions and dissolved salts and nutrient content of water. The same author sustains that turfgrass may be the best plants for recycled water irrigation because it is better adapted to use it than other plants.…”

Section: Freshwater and Treated Wastewater Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More in general, in arid and semi-arid areas of the Mediterranean basin, supplies of good quality water allocated to agriculture are expected to decrease because most of freshwater resources have been already mobilised [3]. Water is a limited natural resource, so the irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) may be a viable means of coping with shortages and/or the rising cost of fresh/potable water [4]. The reuse of TWW seems to be one of the most attractive prospects for sustainable water management in agriculture for a number of reasons [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite numerous examples of possible applications of TWW for crops irrigation in the Mediterranean countries [9][10][11][12], little attention has been paid to the reuse of TWW for nonfood crops such as turfgrass for sports and leisure activities [7,13,14], probably due to the health risks, though minimal, associated with micro-organisms which are considered dangerous to human health [15,16]. Harivandi [4] reports that the use of TWW for turfgrass irrigation is extremely beneficial for various reasons. Firstly turfgrass can absorb large amounts of nutrients found in higher quantities in wastewater than in freshwater (FW); secondly, wastewater can be produced continuously and represents a continuous source of water for turfgrass; thirdly, most soil and plant-related problems concerning the use of wastewater may have a smaller environmental and economic impact on turfgrass than on food crops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reuse of urban-treated wastewater from a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow system in Sicily (Italy) for irrigation of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.) turf under Mediterranean climatic conditions

Licata

Bella

Leto

et al. 2016

Desalination and Water Treatment

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Constructed wetlands (CW) are one of the most important biological technology for the treatment and reuse of wastewaters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) from CW for irrigation of Bermudagrass turf (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and assess the effects of TWW on the biometric and qualitative parameters of the turfgrass and on chemical–physical soil properties. The research was carried out in Sicily (Italy) in a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow system which was fed with urban TWW following secondary treatment from an activate sludge wastewater treatment plant. The pilot-system included three separate parallel units. The outflow TWW flowed downhill into three storage tanks which were connected to sprinkler systems. Bermudagrass plots were\ud irrigated with freshwater (FW) and with TWW from planted units and unplanted unit. The TWW quality did not affect the visual turf quality and colour. The above-ground biomass yield of Bermudagrass was on average 1.31 kg m−2 in the TWW-irrigated plots. There was not a significant variation of soil pH, but an increase in organic matter content and salinity were recorded in TWW-irrigated plots. The results confirm that TWW provides an additional water source and fertilisers where the supply of FW is limited

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Section: Freshwater and Treated Wastewater Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reuse of urban-treated wastewater from a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow system in Sicily (Italy) for irrigation of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.) turf under Mediterranean climatic conditions

Licata

Bella

Leto

et al. 2016

Desalination and Water Treatment

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“…Thus, there is an urgent need to conserve and protect freshwater and to utilize the generated wastewater (Gan ., 2006; ). Moreover, use of wastewater for irrigation may be a viable strategy for coping with shortages and/or the rising cost of fresh water in arid and semi-arid regions and in highly populated metropolitan areas (Harivandi, 2000). Moreover, the farmers of urban and peri-urban areas are deliberately using wastewater for irrigation as it provides nutrients or is more reliable or cheaper than other water sources (Keraita and Drechsel, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of wastewater irrigations and planting methods on leaf firing, colour, quality and traffic tolerance of turfgrass

GURJAR¹,

Kaur²

2018

JEB

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Aim : Methodology :Results : Interpretation :Impact assessment of wastewater irrigations on growth and quality of turfgrass under planting with or without plastic base may be provided the information for feasibility of wastewater use in turf/lawn grass. Turfgrass ( L .v a r . selection-1) was planted under two planting methods (with plastic base and without) during 2013. Treatments were taken as three wastewater irrigation schedules of crop evapotranspiration (ETc, at 75, 100 and 125% and one control as groundwater irrigations at 100% ETc). The experiment was laid-out in randomized block design with three replications. Data were recorded on leaf firing, colour, quality and traffic tolerance of turfgrass continuously for 3 years (2013-16) through rating based monthly visual observations.Monthly ratings on leaf firing, colour, quality and traffic tolerance of turfgrass were stated that leaf firing percentage was high during winter months and low in summer months. Ratings on colour and quality were found ranging between 6.5 to 8.0 (acceptable rating is 5) for most of months of the year excepting 3 winter months (December, January and February) in each year. In general, turfgrass grown under plastic base planting and irrigated at 125% ETc were observed to be associated with higher quality/colour. Leaf firing, colour, quality and traffic tolerance of turfgrass was not affected by the wastewater irrigations practices. Plastic base planting and irrigation at 125% ETc may appreciably be enhanced by the appearance of turfgrass. Cynodon dactylon

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“…and Harivandi (2000Harivandi ( , 2004 discussed the use of recycled water on grasses in the United States of America (USA) focusing on the potential of recycled water in arid states such as Texas, Arizona and California. Robert Carrow and his associates reviewed the use of recycled water in golf courses Huck et al 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Response of tropical turfgrasses to recycled water in southern Queensland

Menzel¹,

Broomhall²

2006

Aust. J. Exp. Agric.

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The effects of recycled water (effluent) on 8 tropical grasses growing in 100-L bags of sand were studied in Murrumba Downs, just north of Brisbane in southern Queensland (27.4°S, 153.1°E). The species used were: Axonopus compressus (broad-leaf carpetgrass), Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass ‘Winter Green’) and C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis hybrid (‘Tifgreen’), Digitaria didactyla (Queensland blue couch), Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass ‘38824’), Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalograss ‘Palmetto’), Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass ‘Centec’) and Zoysia japonica (zoysiagrass ‘ZT-11’). From May 2002 to June 2003, control plots were irrigated with potable water and fertilised monthly. Plots irrigated with effluent received no fertiliser from May to August 2002 (deficient phase), complete fertilisers at control rates from September to December 2002 (recovery phase) and nitrogen (N) only at control rates from January to June 2003 (supplementary phase). In October 2002, the average shoot weight of plants from the effluent plots was 4% of that from potable plots, with centipedegrass less affected than the other species (relative growth of 20%). Shoot N concentrations declined by 40% in the effluent plots from May to August 2002 (1.8 ± 0.1%) along with phosphorus (P, 0.46 ± 0.02%), potassium (K, 1.6 ± 0.2%), sulfur (S, 0.28 ± 0.02%) and manganese (Mn, 19 ± 2 mg/kg) concentrations. Only the N and Mn concentrations were below the optimum for grasses. The grasses grew satisfactorily when irrigated with effluent if it was supplemented with N. Between January and June 2003 the average weight of shoots from the effluent plots was 116% of the weight of shoots from the control plots. Shoot nutrient concentrations were also similar in the 2 regimes at this time. The recycled water supplied 23% of the N required for maximum shoot growth, 80–100% of the P and K, and 500–880% of the S, calcium and magnesium. The use of recycled water represents savings in irrigation and fertiliser costs, and reductions in the discharge of N and P to local waterways. Effluent is currently about 50% of the cost of potable water with a saving of about AU$8000/ha.year for a typical sporting field.

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Irrigating Turfgrass and Landscape Plants With Municipal Recycled Water

Cited by 14 publications

References 5 publications

Reuse of urban-treated wastewater from a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow system in Sicily (Italy) for irrigation of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.) turf under Mediterranean climatic conditions

Reuse of urban-treated wastewater from a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow system in Sicily (Italy) for irrigation of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.) turf under Mediterranean climatic conditions

Impact of wastewater irrigations and planting methods on leaf firing, colour, quality and traffic tolerance of turfgrass

Response of tropical turfgrasses to recycled water in southern Queensland

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