Irradiation Testing of Ultrasonic Transducers

Daw, Joshua; Tittmann, Bernhard R.; Reinhardt, Brian; Kohse, G.; Ramuhalli, Pradeep; Montgomery, Robert; Chien, Hual‐Te; Villard, J-F.; Palmer, Joe; Rempe, J. L.

doi:10.1109/tns.2014.2335613

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In some cases assessments have been made directly in real conditions in a power reactor (TUSHT of Sonar device in Phenix reactor), as long as it was possible. In other cases, they are performed in experimental or research reactors in France (OSIRIS), Belgium (BR1, BR2), Norway (HBWR), USA (ATR), for example [25,82,144,146,147,[150][151][152][153][154][155]. Some convenient experimental adaptations may be necessary to perform remote electric and acoustic measurements via mechanical bounding to a delay line, and to control the experimental conditions (irradiation, temperature), within volume limitations.…”

Section: Ultrasonic Transducersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear instrumentation and measurement: a review based on the ANIMMA conferences

Giot

Vermeeren

Lyoussi

et al. 2017

EPJ Nuclear Sci. Technol.

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Abstract. The ANIMMA conferences offer a unique opportunity to discover research carried out in all fields of nuclear measurements and instrumentation with applications extending from fundamental physics to fission and fusion reactors, medical imaging, environmental protection and homeland security. After four successful editions of the Conference, it was decided to prepare a review based to a large extent but not exclusively on the papers presented during the first four editions of the conference. This review is organized according to the measurement methodologies: neutronic, photonic, thermal, acoustic and optical measurements, as well as medical imaging and specific challenges linked to data acquisition and electronic hardening. The paper describes the main challenges justifying research in these different areas, and summarizes the recent progress reported. It offers researchers and engineers a way to quickly and efficiently access knowledge in highly specialized areas.

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Section: Ultrasonic Transducersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear instrumentation and measurement: a review based on the ANIMMA conferences

Giot

Vermeeren

Lyoussi

et al. 2017

EPJ Nuclear Sci. Technol.

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“…During the past decades there has been significant interest and therefore research into the problem of ultrasonic transducers for harsh environments [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-Art and Practical Guide to Ultrasonic Transducers for Harsh Environments Including Temperatures above 2120 °F (1000 °C) and Neutron Flux above 1013 n/cm2

Tittmann

Batista

Trivedi

et al. 2019

Sensors

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In field applications currently used for health monitoring and nondestructive testing, ultrasonic transducers primarily employ PZT5-H as the piezoelectric element for ultrasound transmission and detection. This material has a Curie–Weiss temperature that limits its use to about 210 °C. Some industrial applications require much higher temperatures, i.e., 1000–1200 °C and possible nuclear radiation up to 1020 n/cm2 when performance is required in a reactor environment. The goal of this paper is the survey and review of piezoelectric elements for use in harsh environments for the ultimate purpose for structural health monitoring (SHM), non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and material characterization (NDMC). The survey comprises the following categories: 1. High-temperature applications with single crystals, thick-film ceramics, and composite ceramics, 2. Radiation-tolerant materials, and 3. Spray-on transducers for harsh-environment applications. In each category the known characteristics are listed, and examples are given of performance in harsh environments. Highlighting some examples, the performance of single-crystal lithium niobate wafers is demonstrated up to 1100 °C. The wafers with the C-direction normal to the wafer plane were mounted on steel cylinders with high-temperature Sauereisen and silver paste wire mountings and tested in air. In another example, the practical use in harsh radiation environments aluminum nitride (AlN) was found to be a good candidate operating well in two different nuclear reactors. The radiation hardness of AlN was evident from the unaltered piezoelectric coefficient after a fast and thermal neutron exposure in a nuclear reactor core (thermal flux = 2.12 × 1013 ncm−2; fast flux 2 (>1.0 MeV) = 4.05 × 1013 ncm−2; gamma dose rate: 1 × 109 r/h; temperature: 400–500 °C). Additionally, some of the high-temperature transducers are shown to be capable of mounting without requiring coupling material. Pulse-echo signal amplitudes (peak-to-peak) for the first two reflections as a function of the temperature for lithium niobate thick-film, spray-on transducers were observed to temperatures of about 900 °C. Guided-wave send-and-receive operation in the 2–4 MHz range was demonstrated on 2–3 mm thick Aluminum (6061) structures for possible field deployable applications where standard ultrasonic coupling media do not survive because of the harsh environment. This approach would benefit steam generators and steam pipes where temperatures are above 210 °C. In summary, there are several promising approaches to ultrasonic transducers for harsh environments and this paper presents a survey based on literature searches and in-house laboratory observations.

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“…Piezoelectric materials that maintain their properties at very high temperatures are required for next generation piezoelectric sensors, actuators, transducers, and transformers utilized in nuclear 1,2 , automotive, and aerospace applications 3 . Traditional piezoelectric materials, such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT), possess a strong piezoelectric coefficient (d 33 ) (200–400 pC/N for PZT), but Curie temperatures ( T C ’s) in the range of 300–365 °C limit their practical use to temperatures less than ~200 °C 2,4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning piezoelectric properties through epitaxy of La2Ti2O7 and related thin films

Kaspar

Hong

Bowden

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Current piezoelectric sensors and actuators are limited to operating temperatures less than ~200 °C due to the low Curie temperature of the piezoelectric material. Strengthening the piezoelectric coupling of high-temperature piezoelectric materials, such as La2Ti2O7 (LTO), would allow sensors to operate across a broad temperature range. The crystalline orientation and piezoelectric coupling direction of LTO thin films can be controlled by epitaxial matching to SrTiO3(001), SrTiO3(110), and rutile TiO2(110) substrates via pulsed laser deposition. The structure and phase purity of the films are investigated by x-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Piezoresponse force microscopy is used to measure the in-plane and out-of-plane piezoelectric coupling in the films. The strength of the out-of-plane piezoelectric coupling can be increased when the piezoelectric direction is rotated partially out-of-plane via epitaxy. The strongest out-of-plane coupling is observed for LTO/STO(001). Deposition on TiO2(110) results in epitaxial La2/3TiO3, an orthorhombic perovskite of interest as a microwave dielectric material and an ion conductor. La2/3TiO3 can be difficult to stabilize in bulk form, and epitaxial stabilization on TiO2(110) is a promising route to realize La2/3TiO3 for both fundamental studies and device applications. Overall, these results confirm that control of the crystalline orientation of epitaxial LTO-based materials can govern the resulting functional properties.

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Irradiation Testing of Ultrasonic Transducers

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Nuclear instrumentation and measurement: a review based on the ANIMMA conferences

Nuclear instrumentation and measurement: a review based on the ANIMMA conferences

State-of-the-Art and Practical Guide to Ultrasonic Transducers for Harsh Environments Including Temperatures above 2120 °F (1000 °C) and Neutron Flux above 1013 n/cm2

Tuning piezoelectric properties through epitaxy of La2Ti2O7 and related thin films

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