“…In the industrial sphere, nuclear isotopes have driven advancements across domains including materials analysis [ 25 ], manufacturing [ 36 ], environmental studies [ 37 , 38 ], and process optimization [ 39 ]. Radioisotopic tracers have illuminated the intricate dynamics of flows [ 40 ], mixing, and residence times in complex chemical [ 41 ], petrochemical [ 42 ], and wastewater treatment systems [ 43 ], enabling significant performance improvements. Ionizing radiation has facilitated beneficial physical and chemical modifications in polymers [ 44 ], foodstuffs [ 45 ], and other materials [ 46 ].…”