Irradiance encoding in the suprachiasmatic nuclei by rod and cone photoreceptors

Diepen, Hester C. van; Ramkisoensing, Ashna; Peirson, Stuart N.; Foster, Russell G.; Meijer, Johanna H.

doi:10.1096/fj.13-233098

Cited by 54 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Bright continuous illumination evokes a sustained depolarization in ipRGCs that encodes stimulus energy. This sets these cells apart from all other photoreceptors, which are less sensitive to encode irradiance and thus to represent ambient light intensity over days and months . These properties are well suited to nondirectional detection of gross environmental illumination essential for integrated circadian, neuroendocrine and neurobehavioral effects .…”

Section: The Advent Of the Circadian Photoreceptormentioning

confidence: 99%

The inner clock—Blue light sets the human rhythm

Wahl

Engelhardt

Schaupp

et al. 2019

Journal of Biophotonics

150

113

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Visible light synchronizes the human biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus to the solar 24‐hour cycle. Short wavelengths, perceived as blue color, are the strongest synchronizing agent for the circadian system that keeps most biological and psychological rhythms internally synchronized. Circadian rhythm is important for optimum function of organisms and circadian sleep–wake disruptions or chronic misalignment often may lead to psychiatric and neurodegenerative illness. The beneficial effect on circadian synchronization, sleep quality, mood, and cognitive performance depends not only on the light spectral composition but also on the timing of exposure and its intensity. Exposure to blue light during the day is important to suppress melatonin secretion, the hormone that is produced by the pineal gland and plays crucial role in circadian rhythm entrainment. While the exposure to blue is important for keeping organism's wellbeing, alertness, and cognitive performance during the day, chronic exposure to low‐intensity blue light directly before bedtime, may have serious implications on sleep quality, circadian phase and cycle durations. This rises inevitably the need for solutions to improve wellbeing, alertness, and cognitive performance in today's modern society where exposure to blue light emitting devices is ever increasing.

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Section: The Advent Of the Circadian Photoreceptormentioning

confidence: 99%

The inner clock—Blue light sets the human rhythm

Wahl

Engelhardt

Schaupp

et al. 2019

Journal of Biophotonics

150

113

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, it has been suggested that melanopsin mediates persistent light detection in ipRGCs (Altimus et al, 2008; Gooley et al, 2012; Lupi et al, 2008; Mrosovsky and Hattar, 2003; Zhu et al, 2007) because melanopsin phototransduction is relatively slow to initiate but stable for minutes to hours (Berson et al, 2002; Gooley et al, 2012; Wong, 2012). However, animals lacking melanopsin still retain sustained light responses in ipRGCs and their central targets (Schmidt et al, 2014; van Diepen et al, 2013; Wong, 2012) and relatively normal circadian photoentrainment (Panda et al, 2002; Ruby et al, 2002) and PLR (Lucas et al, 2003; Xue et al, 2011). In total, it remains unclear how ipRGCs utilize each distinct photoreceptive input, especially across the environmental range of light intensities and durations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A visual circuit uses complementary mechanisms to support transient and sustained pupil constriction

Keenan

Rupp

Ross

et al. 2016

eLife

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Rapid and stable control of pupil size in response to light is critical for vision, but the neural coding mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the neural basis of pupil control by monitoring pupil size across time while manipulating each photoreceptor input or neurotransmitter output of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a critical relay in the control of pupil size. We show that transient and sustained pupil responses are mediated by distinct photoreceptors and neurotransmitters. Transient responses utilize input from rod photoreceptors and output by the classical neurotransmitter glutamate, but adapt within minutes. In contrast, sustained responses are dominated by non-conventional signaling mechanisms: melanopsin phototransduction in ipRGCs and output by the neuropeptide PACAP, which provide stable pupil maintenance across the day. These results highlight a temporal switch in the coding mechanisms of a neural circuit to support proper behavioral dynamics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15392.001

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“…Because there is a delay of 30–40 ms before visually evoked activity becomes first detectable within the SCN and LGN (van Diepen et al . ; Howarth et al . ; Walmsley & Brown, ), we reasoned that the first pulse of these stimulus trains should be sufficient to increase the inhibitory influence of the GHT prior to the arrival of any retinal input.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geniculohypothalamic GABAergic projections gate suprachiasmatic nucleus responses to retinal input

Hanna

Walmsley

Pienaar

et al. 2017

The Journal of Physiology

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Sensory input to the master mammalian circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is vital in allowing animals to optimize physiology and behaviour alongside daily changes in the environment. Retinal inputs encoding changes in external illumination provide the principle source of such information. The SCN also receives input from other retinorecipient brain regions, primarily via the geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT), although the contribution of these indirect projections to circadian photoreception is currently poorly understood. To address this deficit, in the present study, we established an in vitro mouse brain slice preparation that retains connectivity across the extended circadian system. Using multi-electrode recordings, we first confirm that this preparation retains intact optic projections to the SCN, thalamus and pretectum and a functional GHT. We next show that optogenetic activation of GHT neurons selectively suppresses SCN responses to retinal input, and also that this effect exhibits a pronounced day/night variation and involves a GABAergic mechanism. This inhibitory action was not associated with overt circadian rhythmicity in GHT output, indicating modulation at the SCN level. Finally, we use in vivo electrophysiological recordings alongside pharmacological inactivation or optogenetic excitation to show that GHT signalling actively modulates specific features of the SCN light response, indicating that GHT cells are primarily activated by crossed retinal projections. Taken together, our data establish a new model for studying network communication in the extended circadian system and provide novel insight into the roles of GHT-signalling, revealing a mechanism by which thalamic activity can help gate retinal input to the SCN according to time of day.

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Irradiance encoding in the suprachiasmatic nuclei by rod and cone photoreceptors

Cited by 54 publications

References 37 publications

The inner clock—Blue light sets the human rhythm

The inner clock—Blue light sets the human rhythm

A visual circuit uses complementary mechanisms to support transient and sustained pupil constriction

Geniculohypothalamic GABAergic projections gate suprachiasmatic nucleus responses to retinal input

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