Iron Supplementation: Oral Tablets versus Intramuscular Injection

Dawson, Brian; Goodman, Carmél; Blee, Tanya; Claydon, Gary; Peeling, Peter; Beilby, John; Prins, Alex

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.16.2.180

Cited by 22 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…For instance, it is well known that iron deficiency can impair hematologic adaptation, which left untreated can negatively impact on athletic performance (Garvican et al, 2011). However, nutritional correction of this issue via various intervention strategies has been regularly shown to have a positive impact on correcting the underlying deficiency and enhancing athlete performance (Dawson et al, 2006;Garvican et al, 2011;Woods et al, 2014).…”

Section: Therapeutic Nutritional Supplements and Prophylactic Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports Foods and Dietary Supplements for Optimal Function and Performance Enhancement in Track-and-Field Athletes

Peeling

Castell

Derave

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Athletes are exposed to numerous nutritional products, attractively marketed with claims of optimizing health, function, and performance. However, there is limited evidence to support many of these claims, and the efficacy and safety of many products is questionable. The variety of nutritional aids considered for use by track-and-field athletes includes sports foods, performance supplements, and therapeutic nutritional aids. Support for sports foods and five evidence-based performance supplements (caffeine, creatine, nitrate/beetroot juice, β-alanine, and bicarbonate) varies according to the event, the specific scenario of use, and the individual athlete’s goals and responsiveness. Specific challenges include developing protocols to manage repeated use of performance supplements in multievent or heat-final competitions or the interaction between several products which are used concurrently. Potential disadvantages of supplement use include expense, false expectancy, and the risk of ingesting banned substances sometimes present as contaminants. However, a pragmatic approach to the decision-making process for supplement use is recommended. The authors conclude that it is pertinent for sports foods and nutritional supplements to be considered only where a strong evidence base supports their use as safe, legal, and effective and that such supplements are trialed thoroughly by the individual before committing to use in a competition setting.

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Section: Therapeutic Nutritional Supplements and Prophylactic Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports Foods and Dietary Supplements for Optimal Function and Performance Enhancement in Track-and-Field Athletes

Peeling

Castell

Derave

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…In general, these come in the ferrous (ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, and ferrous gluconate), or ferric form; the latter is less well tolerated (Brittenham, 2000). Athlete cohort studies show generally positive responses (40-80% increase) to long-term oral iron supplementation (8+ weeks) provided at a rate of ∼100 mg per day (Dawson et al, 2006;Garvican et al, 2014). Of interest, recent research has shown that alternate day supplementation (rather than every day), can result in a greater fractional and cumulative total iron absorption, when the same absolute dose (i.e., 60 mg of iron for 14 days consecutively vs. 28 days alternating) is provided (Stoffel et al, 2017).…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a prospect leads us to the more contemporary methods of correcting an individual's iron stores, such as intramuscular or intravenous (IV) iron supplementation. Both processes have been shown to have extremely positive and fast-acting impacts on an athlete's iron status (Dawson et al, 2006;Garvican et al, 2011;Garvican et al, 2014), likely as a result of bypassing the gut, where many known issues of iron absorption exist. Although the speed of effect is a key positive outcome of these alternative iron supplementation methods, such protocols should be reserved for athletes in desperate need of iron therapy, who appear unresponsive to more traditional approaches of dietary intervention or oral iron supplementation.…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-Induced Illness and Inflammation: Can Immunonutrition and Iron Help?

Castell

Nieman

Bermon³

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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The main focus of this review is illness among elite athletes, how and why it occurs, and whether any measures can be taken to combat it or to prevent its onset. In particular, there is particular interest in exercise-induced immunodepression, which is a result of the immune system regarding exercise (e.g., prolonged, exhaustive exercise) as a challenge to its function. This promotes the inflammatory response. There is often a high incidence of illness in athletes after undertaking strenuous exercise, particularly among those competing in endurance events, not only mainly in terms of upper respiratory tract illness, but also involving gastrointestinal problems. It may well be that this high incidence is largely due to insufficient recovery time being allowed after, for example, a marathon, a triathlon, or other endurance events. Two examples of the incidence of upper respiratory tract illness in moderate versus endurance exercise are provided. In recent years, increasing numbers of research studies have investigated the origins, symptoms, and incidence of these bouts of illness and have attempted to alleviate the symptoms with supplements, sports foods, or immunonutrition. One aspect of the present review discusses iron deficiency, which has been primarily suggested to have an impact upon cell-mediated immunity. Immunonutrition is also discussed, as are new techniques for investigating links between metabolism and immune function.

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“…However, should a faster increase in iron status be required (due to impending competition, extreme fatigue, etc), the use of an intramuscular iron injection may be considered by the sports physician. When comparing such a technique to the ingestion of oral iron tablets, it has been shown that 5×2 ml intramuscular injections of Ferrum H (equivalent to 100 mg of elemental iron), provided over a 10-day period, resulted in a significantly faster and greater increase in SF levels when compared to the ingestion of an oral iron tablet (105 mg of elemental iron), which was consumed over a 30-day period 9. Although a significantly faster way to improve the iron status of an athlete, to date, the evidence for an improvement in athletic performance from such a regime is negligible, and more research is required into this area of iron supplementation.…”

Section: Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%