Iron status with different infant feeding regimens: Relevance to screening and prevention of iron deficiency

Pizarro, Fernando; Yip, Ray; Dallman, Peter R.; Olivares, Manuel; Hertrampf, Eva; Walter, Tomás

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80027-7

Cited by 142 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Additionally, breast-fed infants receive less cow's milk. The positive effects seen from breast-feeding on iron status in the present study seem to differ from the results of several other studies (Oti-Boateng et al, 1998;Pizarro et al, 1991). Pizarro and co-workers found iron status to be negatively affected when breast milk was the only milk given for at least 9 months, while in the present study the median breast-feeding duration was 8 months; exclusive breast-feeding duration was shorter.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Iron status at 12 months of age — effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight

et al. 2003

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Objective: To investigate effects of growth and food intake in infancy on iron status at the age of 12 months in a population with high birth weight and high frequency of breast-feeding. Design: In a longitudinal observational study infants' consumption and growth were recorded. Weighed 2 day food records at the ages of 6, 9 and 12 months were used to analyse food and nutrient intake. Setting: Healthy-born participants were recruited from four maternity wards. Blood samples and growth data were collected from healthcare centres and food consumption data at home. Subjects: Newborn infants (n ¼ 180) were selected randomly according to the mother's domicile and 77% (n ¼ 138) participated, of them, 83% (n ¼ 114), or 63% of original sample, came in for blood sampling. Results: Every fifth child was iron-deficient (serum ferritin < 12 mg=l and mean corpuscular volume < 74 fl) and 2.7% were also anaemic (Hb < 105 g=l). Higher weight gain from 0 to 12 months was seen in infants who were iron-deficient at 12 months (6.7 AE 0.9 kg) than in non-iron-deficient infants (6.2 AE 0.9 kg) (P ¼ 0.050). Serum transferrin receptors at 12 months were positively associated with length gain from 0 to 12 months (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.14; P ¼ 0.045) and mean corpuscular volume negatively to ponderal index at birth (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.14; P ¼ 0.019) and 12 months (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.17; P ¼ 0.006). Irondeficient infants had shorter breast-feeding duration (5.3 AE 2.2 months) than non-iron-deficient (7.9 AE 3.2 months; P ¼ 0.001). Iron status indices were negatively associated with cow's milk consumption at 9 -12 months, significant above 460 g=day, but were positively associated with iron-fortified breakfast cereals, fish and meat consumption. Conclusions: In a population of high birth weight, iron deficiency at 12 months is associated with faster growth and shorter breast-feeding duration from 0 to 12 months of age. The results suggest that a diet of 9 -12-month-olds should avoid cow's milk above 500 g=day and include fish, meat and iron-fortified breakfast cereals to improve iron status.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Iron status at 12 months of age — effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight

et al. 2003

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“…The positive effects of breast-feeding on Fe status in the present study do not reflect the results of several other studies (Pizarro et al 1991;Oti-Boateng et al 1998). However, the negative effect on Fe status in the study of Pizarro et al (1991) was observed when breast milk was the only milk provided for ‡ 9 months; in the present study the median duration of total breast-feeding was 8 months and that of exclusive breast-feeding was shorter. Cow's milk consumption was the dietary factor most strongly associated (negatively) with Fe status indices in both the infant study and the study of 2-year-olds.…”

Section: Dietary Factorscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Prolonged duration of exclusive breast-feeding, i.e. up to 9 months of age, has also been associated with poor Fe status (Pizarro et al 1991). Birth weight is positively associated with Fe status in infancy (Wharf et al 1997) and at £12 (Persson et al 1998) and 18 months of age (Sherriff et al 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium on ‘Nutrition and health in children and adolescents’ Session 2: Dietary quality and dietary recommendations in children and adolescents Dietary quality and adequacy of micronutrient intakes in children

Þórsdóttir

Gunnarsson

2006

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Presented are longitudinal studies, extending from infancy (n 180) to 2 years of age (n 130) and 6 years of age (>70 % participation) of diet and Fe status in a population with high birth weight, high frequency of breast-feeding and, at the time of the study, high intake of cow's milk during the weaning period. The association between socio-demographic and dietary factors was also studied, together with Fe status in early childhood and developmental status at 6 years. Fe status was found to be poorer than in the neighbouring Nordic countries. Every fifth 1-year-old was Fe-deficient (serum ferritin <12 mg/l and mean corpuscular volume <74 fl). It was demonstrated by regression analysis that Fe status was negatively associated with cow's milk consumption at 9-12 months (significant at >460 g/d) and was weakly positively associated with fish, meat and Fe-fortified cereal consumption. Fe-deficient infants had a shorter duration of breast-feeding, and breast-feeding was related to slower growth, which can protect from worsening Fe status. Fe deficiency was less common at ages 2 and 6 years. Maternal factors associated with lower adherence to the recommended infant diet were less education, lower age and smoking. In a multiple stepwise regression analysis that included food factors, socio-demographic factors were not found to be associated with Fe status. Fe-depleted and Fe-deficient 1-year-olds had lower fine motor scores when they were 6 years old than those who were not Fe-deficient or Fe-depleted. The findings of these studies have already led to changes in the local recommendations for diet in infancy. The results suggest that Fe deficiency at 12 months of age affects development at 6 years of age. The studies indicated that mothers with less education, who smoked and who were younger needed more guidance concerning recommendations about diet in infancy.Iron status: Early childhood: Diet quality: Socio-demographic factors:Developmental statusDietary quality, including sufficient micronutrients, is one of the most important factors for the health and well-being of today's children in developing and developed countries.The nutritional needs of children should be constantly reviewed and the levels for requirements and recommended intakes redefined according to the latest evidence. Late in 2004 a new edition of Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, Integrating Nutrition and Physical Activity was published (Alexander et al. 2004). These recommendations are based on the present nutrition situation in the Nordic countries and are to be used for planning diets that satisfy the nutritional needs of each age-group, i.e. covering the physiological requirement for growth and metabolism. In general, an adequate diet is a prerequisite for overall good health and contributes to the risk reduction of diet-associated diseases. In many cases the values for infants and children have been derived from adult data using either body weight or energy requirement as a basis for the estimation. Recommendations for single nutrients are not giv...

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“…53,54 For more than 25 years, 12 mg of iron per L has been the level of fortification in standard term infant formulas in the United States, consistent with guidelines of WIC for iron-fortified formula (at least 10 mg/L), thus creating a natural experiment. The level of 12 mg/L was determined by calculating the total iron needs of the child from 0 to 12 months of age, assuming average birth weight and average weight gain during the first year.…”

Section: Term Formula-fed Infantsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children (0–3 Years of Age)

Baker¹,

Greer²

2010

Pediatrics

836

797

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This clinical report covers diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants (both breastfed and formula fed) and toddlers from birth through 3 years of age. Results of recent basic research support the concerns that iron-deficiency anemia and iron deficiency without anemia during infancy and childhood can have longlasting detrimental effects on neurodevelopment. Therefore, pediatricians and other health care providers should strive to eliminate iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Appropriate iron intakes for infants and toddlers as well as methods for screening for iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are presented. Pediatrics 2010;126: 1040-1050 INTRODUCTIONIron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) continue to be of worldwide concern. Among children in the developing world, iron is the most common single-nutrient deficiency. 1 In industrialized nations, despite a demonstrable decline in prevalence, 2 IDA remains a common cause of anemia in young children. However, even more important than anemia itself is the indication that the more common ID without anemia may also adversely affect long-term neurodevelopment and behavior and that some of these effects may be irreversible. 3,4 Because of the implications for pediatric health care providers and their patients, this report reviews and summarizes this information.This clinical report is a revision and extension of a previous policy statement published in 1999, 5 which addressed iron fortification of formulas. This report covers diagnosis and prevention of ID and IDA in infants (both breastfed and formula fed) and toddlers aged 1 through 3 years.

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Iron status with different infant feeding regimens: Relevance to screening and prevention of iron deficiency

Cited by 142 publications

References 24 publications

Iron status at 12 months of age — effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight

Iron status at 12 months of age — effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight

Symposium on ‘Nutrition and health in children and adolescents’ Session 2: Dietary quality and dietary recommendations in children and adolescents Dietary quality and adequacy of micronutrient intakes in children

Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children (0–3 Years of Age)

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