Iron oxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in lymphocytes

Abstract

Over the past few decades nanotechnology and material science has progressed extremely rapidly. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) owing to their unique magnetic properties have a great potential for their biomedical and bioengineering applications. However, there is an inevitable need to address the issue of safety and health effects of these nanoparticles. Hence, the present study was aimed to assess the cytotoxic effects of IONPs on rats' lymphocytes. Using different assays, we studied diverse parameters including mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase activity, antioxidant enzymes activity and DNA damage measurements. Intracellular metal uptake and ultrastructure analysis were also carried out through inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy respectively. The results show that the IONP-induced oxidative stress was concentration-dependent in nature, with significant (P < 0.05) increase in ROS levels, lipid peroxidation level as well as depletion of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione. Moreover, we observed morphological changes in the cell after intracellular uptake and localization of nanoparticles in cells. From the findings of the study, it may be concluded that IONPs induce ROS-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Genotoxicity, biochemical, and biodistribution studies of magnesium oxide nano and microparticles in albino wistar rats after 28‐day repeated oral exposure

“…This study illustrates that a significant increase in MDA and LDH and depletion in GSH and CAT levels was observed in the tissue homogenates at a high dose of NPs indicating free radical generation. The elevated levels of MDA indicate the formation of hydroxyl radicals which in turn is associated with lipid membrane of tissue that may have led to inactivation of the enzymes by cross linking with MDA, which might have caused an increase in accumulation of ROS that could contribute to the inhibition of metabolic process and the onset of lesions in vital organs . Our results illustrated a dose dependent depletion of GSH, possibly due to enhanced utilization in both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions.…”

Sensitive SQUID Bio-Magnetometry for Determination and Differentiation of Biogenic Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Biological Samples

“…We have dealt with the application of USPIONs, and we investigated their effects on various organs of the WKY rats. As bare iron oxide nanoparticles administered in higher doses were previously shown to be toxic as they produce the development of oxidative stress [ 9 , 11 ], we used a low dose of PEG-coated magnetite USPIONs. PEG is a neutral, hydrophilic and biocompatible polymer which improves the dispersion of NPs in water, it improves their bio-distribution and increases blood circulation time [ 30 ].…”

“…Recently, a correlation between exposure to iron oxide NPs and metabolism is of particular concern in nanotoxicology related fields, as NPs can potentially enter to iron metabolism and, thus, to affect its physiological roles. Iron NPs may also increase reactive oxygen species production and to produce oxidative stress, which can further induce adverse effects on DNA, proteins as well as membrane lipids [ 9 , 11 ] and to induce inflammation, changes in blood pressure (BP) regulatory systems via modulation of vascular function. Yet, there is still limited information on the uptake of the USPIONs to the individual organs and tissues and their possible effects on metabolism and physiological functions.…”

Iron overloaded polarizes macrophage to proinflammation phenotype through ROS/acetyl‐p53 pathway

“…However, the mechanisms underlying iron regulation in polarized macrophages remain unclear. Some studies14, 15, 16, 17 have shown that iron can induce high levels of ROS and DNA damage. Alternatively, ROS may also induce p53 due to DNA damage 3…”