“…There are two main methods of functionalizing MNPs’ surfaces, either by surface coating or surface grafting ( Figure 4 ) [ 31 ]. Surface coating is an effective way to prevent the dissolution of the nanoparticles, which further provides reactive functional groups for attaching various drugs, biomolecules, genes, or targeting ligands [ 78 , 90 ]. A variety of materials have been used for coating, including natural polymers (e.g., dextran, chitosan, pullulan, alginate, gelatin, agarose), synthetic polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, polyethyleneimine), organic surfactants, inorganic compounds, and bioactive molecules [ 70 , 77 , 78 , 88 ].…”