Iron oxide nanoparticles can cross plasma membranes

Zanella, Daniele; Bossi, Elena; Gornati, Rosalba; Bastos, Carlos; Faria, Nuno; Bernardini, Giovanni

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11535-z

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Iron fortification, in recent years, could be done by introducing iron and iron oxide nanoparticles in foodstuffs. Due to no change in character of fortified food, product stability and large bioavailability, they could also impart good health by increasing haemoglobin levels and nutrition [3][4][5][6]. Ice cream was enriched with alginate nanoparticles including Fe and Zn salts [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for fortifying wheat biscuits

Razack

Suresh²,

Sriram³

et al. 2020

SN Appl. Sci.

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The present investigation is an attempt on synthesising iron oxide nanoparticles through greener mode using the petal extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and utilising them as fortificants in wheat biscuits. Ferric and ferrous chloride at a concentration of 0.025 M and at a ratio of 2:1 was used as the metal precursors and the extract was served as the reducing agent. Synthesised iron oxide nanoparticles were characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analyses confirmed that the formed particles were nano sized and the crystallite size was found to be 6.16 nm through XRD studies. The formed nanoparticles were observed from SEM analysis to be spinel shaped with an average particle size of 65 nm. Biscuits were fortified with iron oxide nanoparticles which were later studied for physical and proximate analyses. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy studies revealed that the iron content was higher in fortified biscuits than that in control. Microbial analysis for 30 days indicated that the fortified biscuits could have a longer shelf life. In brief, the first report on use of iron oxide nanoparticles successfully suggested that their use as fortificants in food and could be prescribed for malnourished, iron deficit or anaemic patients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In sausages, iron was fortified as iron oxide nanoparticles in the form of colorants; in USA, for people preferring packed foods consumed around 450 µg/ day [8]. Recent reports have revealed that food fortified using iron nanoparticles were safe through in vivo and invitro experiments [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for fortifying wheat biscuits

Razack

Suresh²,

Sriram³

et al. 2020

SN Appl. Sci.

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show abstract

“…Nanoparticles (NPs), including ferritin or ferritin-mimicking molecules [93], appear promising, and devoid of unwanted effects. Noteworthy, a very recent and elegant study has demonstrated that iron-containing NPs cross the cell membrane by DMT1-independent mechanisms, like endocytosis, or even by a non-endocytotic pathway allowing direct access to the cytoplasm [94].…”

Section: New Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern iron replacement therapy: clinical and pathophysiological insights

et al. 2017

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Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, is extremely frequent worldwide, representing a major public health problem. Iron replacement therapy dates back to the seventeenth century, and has progressed relatively slowly until recently. Both oral and intravenous traditional iron formulations are known to be far from ideal, mainly because of tolerability and safety issues, respectively. At the beginning of this century, the discovery of hepcidin/ferroportin axis has represented a turning point in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of iron metabolism disorders, ushering a new era. In the meantime, advances in the pharmaceutical technologies are producing newer iron formulations aimed at minimizing the problems inherent with traditional approaches. The pharmacokinetic of oral and parenteral iron is substantially different, and diversities have become even clearer in light of the hepcidin master role in regulating systemic iron homeostasis. Here we review how iron therapy is changing because of such important advances in both pathophysiology and pharmacology.

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“…This model is also promising for studying NP diffusion across the intestine. Indeed, paracellular pathway, endocytosis-exocytosis, M-cell-mediated pathway (Yu et al 2016) as well as simple diffusion by direct crossing of the plasma membrane (Zanella et al 2017) are the mechanisms by which NPs are supposed to cross the intestinal biological barrier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron nanoparticle bio-interactions evaluated in Xenopus laevis embryos, a model for studying the safety of ingested nanoparticles

et al. 2019

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Iron nanoparticles (NPs) have been proposed as a tool in very different fields such as environmental remediation and biomedical applications, including food fortification against iron deficiency, even if there is still concern about their safety. Here, we propose Xenopus laevis embryos as a suitable model to investigate the toxicity and the bio-interactions at the intestinal barrier of Fe 3 O 4 and zerovalent iron (ZVI) NPs compared to Fe(II) and (III) salts in the 5 to 100 mg Fe/L concentration range using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay in Xenopus (FETAX). Our results demonstrated that, at concentrations at which iron salts induce adverse effects, both iron NPs do not cause acute toxicity or teratogenicity even if they accumulate massively in the embryo gut. Prussian blue staining, confocal and electron microscopy allowed mapping of iron NPs in enterocytes, along the paracellular spaces and at the level of the basement membrane of a well-preserved intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, the high bioaccumulation factor and the increase in embryo length after exposure to iron NPs suggest greater iron intake, an essential element for organisms. Together, these results improve the knowledge on the safety of orally ingested iron NPs and their interaction with the intestinal barrier, useful for defining the potential risks associated with their use in food/feed fortification.

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Iron oxide nanoparticles can cross plasma membranes

Cited by 38 publications

References 52 publications

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for fortifying wheat biscuits

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for fortifying wheat biscuits

Modern iron replacement therapy: clinical and pathophysiological insights

Iron nanoparticle bio-interactions evaluated in Xenopus laevis embryos, a model for studying the safety of ingested nanoparticles

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