Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Deposits&lt;subtitle&gt;Geology, Space-Time Distribution, and Possible Modes of Origin&lt;/subtitle&gt;

Williams, Patrick J.; Barton, Mark D.; Johnson, David A.; Fontboté, Lluı́s; Haller, Antoine De; Mark, Geordie; Oliver, Nicholas H.S.; Marschik, Robert

doi:10.5382/av100.13

Cited by 286 publications

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“…Both deposit types occur globally and range in age from Late Archean to Plio-Pleistocene (Barton and Johnson, 1996;Naslund et al, 2002). Titanium-poor magnetite modally dominates Kiruna-type IOA deposits, distinguishing them from nelsonites, whereas magnetite and (specular) hematite modally dominate IOCG deposits (Williams et al, 2005). Both deposit types contain metal sulfides but only reach economic grades in IOCG deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Reported (premining) resources for Kiruna-type deposits range from tens to ~2,500 million metric tons (Mt) for the namesake Kiirunavaara deposit in Kiruna, Sweden, and grades reach as high as 50% Fe. Reported resources for IOCG deposits range from tens to ~2,000 Mt for the Olympic Dam, and Cu and Au grades are similar to, and commonly exceed, those in porphyry-type deposits (Williams et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposits (e.g., Olympic Dam), and iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits (e.g., Kiruna-type) deposits are important sources of their namesake metals, as well as rare earth elements (REE), U, P, Ag, Co, Bi, and Nb that are economically important by-products in some deposits (Hitzman et al, 1992;Foose and McLelland, 1995;Hitzman, 2000;Williams et al, 2005;Chiaradia et al, 2006;Corriveau, 2007;Barton, 2014). Both deposit types occur globally and range in age from Late Archean to Plio-Pleistocene (Barton and Johnson, 1996;Naslund et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, there seems to be consensus that IOCG deposits formed by hydrothermal processes resulting in styles of mineralization that include structurally controlled veins and breccias, as well as disseminations and massive lenses (Ruiz and Ericksen, 1962;Sillitoe, 2003;Williams et al, 2005;Mumin et al, 2007;Groves et al, 2010;Barton, 2014). However, a common source of the hydrothermal ore fluid responsible for the formation of IOCG deposits remains unconstrained, with evidence supporting the presence of meteoric, evaporitic, and magmatic-hydrothermal fluids (Williams et al, 2005;Barton, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kiruna-Type Iron Oxide-Apatite (IOA) and Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits Form by a Combination of Igneous and Magmatic-Hydrothermal Processes: Evidence from the Chilean Iron Belt

Simon¹,

Knipping²,

Reich³

et al. 2018

Metals, Minerals, and Society

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Iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) and Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits are commonly spatially and temporally associated with one another, and with coeval magmatism. Here, we use trace element concentrations in magnetite and pyrite, Fe and O stable isotope abundances of magnetite and hematite, H isotopes of magnetite and actinolite, and Re-Os systematics of magnetite from the Los Colorados Kiruna-type IOA deposit in the Chilean iron belt to develop a new genetic model that explains IOCG and IOA deposits as a continuum produced by a combination of igneous and magmatic-hydrothermal processes. The concentrations of [Al + Mn] and [Ti + V] are highest in magnetite cores and decrease systematically from core to rim, consistent with growth of magnetite cores from a silicate melt, and rims from a cooling magmatic-hydrothermal fluid. Almost all bulk δ 18 O values in magnetite are within the range of 0 to 5‰, and bulk δ 56 Fe for magnetite are within the range 0 to 0.8‰ of Fe isotopes, both of which indicate a magmatic source for O and Fe. The values of δ 18 O and δD for actinolite, which is paragenetically equivalent to magnetite, are, respectively, 6.46 ± 0.56 and -59.3 ± 1.7‰, indicative of a mantle source. Pyrite grains consistently yield Co/Ni ratios that exceed unity, and imply precipitation of pyrite from an ore fluid evolved from an intermediate to mafic magma. The calculated initial 187 Os/ 188 Os ratio (Osi) for magnetite from Los Colorados is 1.2, overlapping Osi values for Chilean porphyry-Cu deposits, and consistent with an origin from juvenile magma. Together, the data are consistent with a geologic model wherein (1) magnetite microlites crystallize as a near-liquidus phase from an intermediate to mafic silicate melt;(2) magnetite microlites serve as nucleation sites for fluid bubbles and promote volatile saturation of the melt;(3) the volatile phase coalesces and encapsulates magnetite microlites to form a magnetite-fluid suspension; (4) the suspension scavenges Fe, Cu, Au, S, Cl, P, and rare earth elements (REE) from the melt; (5) the suspension ascends from the host magma during regional extension; (6) as the suspension ascends, originally igneous magnetite microlites grow larger by sourcing Fe from the cooling magmatic-hydrothermal fluid; (7) in deep-seated crustal faults, magnetite crystals are deposited to form a Kiruna-type IOA deposit due to decompression of the magnetite-fluid suspension; and (8) the further ascending fluid transports Fe, Cu, Au, and S to shallower levels or lateral distal zones of the system where hematite, magnetite, and sulfides precipitate to form IOCG deposits. The model explains the globally observed temporal and spatial relationship between magmatism and IOA and IOCG deposits, and provides a valuable conceptual framework to define exploration strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kiruna-Type Iron Oxide-Apatite (IOA) and Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits Form by a Combination of Igneous and Magmatic-Hydrothermal Processes: Evidence from the Chilean Iron Belt

Simon¹,

Knipping²,

Reich³

et al. 2018

Metals, Minerals, and Society

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“…IOCG deposits are recognized as a distinct albeit varied deposit class in large part as a result of the discovery, development and study of the Olympic Dam Cu-Au-U deposit in South Australia [1,2]. Since that time, the similarities between Olympic Dam, other deposits of the eastern Gawler Craton and a range of related deposits world-wide has been recognized [3,4]. The diverse range of deposits included in this broad envelope span a range of geologic time and include those within the Archean Carajas Disctrict [5]; Proterozoic terranes such as The Curnamona Province is dominated by metasedimentary and meta-igneous units of the Willyama Supergroup, ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Olympic Cu-Au Province, Gawler Craton: A Review of the Lithospheric Architecture, Geodynamic Setting, Alteration Systems, Cover Successions and Prospectivity

Reid

2019

Minerals

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The Olympic Cu-Au Province is a metallogenic province in South Australia that contains one of the world's most significant Cu-Au-U resources in the Olympic Dam deposit. The Olympic Cu-Au Province also hosts a range of other iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits including Prominent Hill and Carrapateena. This paper reviews the geology of the Olympic Cu-Au Province by investigating the lithospheric architecture, geodynamic setting and alteration systematics. In addition, since the province is almost entirely buried by post-mineral cover, the sedimentary cover sequences are also reviewed. The Olympic Cu-Au Province formed during the early Mesoproterozoic, ca. 1.6 Ga and is co-located with a fundamental lithospheric boundary in the eastern Gawler Craton. This metallogenic event was driven in part by melting of a fertile, metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle during a major regional tectonothermal event. Fluid evolution and multiple fluid mixing resulted in alteration assemblages that range from albite, magnetite and other higher temperature minerals to lower temperature assemblages such as hematite, sericite and chlorite. IOCG mineralisation is associated with both high and low temperature assemblages, however, hematite-rich IOCGs are the most economically significant. Burial by Mesoproterzoic and Neoproterozoic-Cambrian sedimentary successions preserved the Olympic Cu-Au Province from erosion, while also providing a challenge for mineral exploration in the region. Mineral potential modelling identifies regions within the Olympic Cu-Au Province and adjacent Curnamona Province that have high prospects for future IOCG discoveries. Exploration success will rely on improvements in existing potential field and geochemical data, and be bolstered by new 3D magnetotelluric surveys. However, drilling remains the final method for discovery of new mineral resources.

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Stanniferous magnetite composition from the Haobugao skarn Fe–Zn deposit, southern Great Xing'an Range: Implication for mineral depositional mechanism

Wang

Wei

et al. 2017

Geological Journal

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The Great Xing'an Range in north‐eastern China hosts numerous super‐large Ag–Pb–Zn deposits and some Fe–Sn deposits. The Mesozoic Haobugao Fe–Zn polymetallic skarn deposit in the southern Great Xing'an Range is contemporaneous with the regional Ag–Pb–Zn mineralization. Numerous ore bodies are hosted in the Lower Permian carbonate strata or along the contact with the Early Cretaceous granite. According to the field and systematic petrography and mineralography research, the Haobugao mineralization phases are divided into 3 paragenetic stages: prograde stage, retrograde stage, and sulphide stage. Magnetite mainly occurred in the retrograde stage and replaced the anhydrous skarn minerals (e.g., garnet and diopside). Two types of magnetite (Mag1 and Mag2), including 6 subtypes, can be distinguished based on the scanning electron microscopy and back scattered electron images. Electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer analysis were used to determine major and trace elements in different types of magnetite. Mag1 has higher Ti and V concentrations than Mag2, indicating a relatively higher depositional temperature. Mag1 also contains relatively higher Mg and Mn concentrations, coupled with much lower Si and Al concentrations, which reflects a low fluid/rock ratio at the site of Mag1 deposition. Element variation features of Mag1 and Mag2 reveal that the Haobugao mineralization fluids gradually evolved from high‐temperature and low fluid/rock ratio fluids to relatively low‐temperature and high fluid/rock ratio fluids. However, electron probe microanalysis data of Mag2 display significantly higher Sn concentrations (up to 2.82 wt.%) than that in Mag1, which indicates that Sn can be incorporated into magnetite crystal lattice. We propose a possible substitution mechanism of Sn4+ + Mn2+ = 2Fe3+, supported by the strongly positive correlation between Sn4+ and Mn2+, whereby a substitution of Sn4+ for Fe3+ in octahedral sites of magnetite requires a compensatory substitution of Mn2+ for Fe3+ to maintain the charge balance.

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Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Deposits<subtitle>Geology, Space-Time Distribution, and Possible Modes of Origin</subtitle>

Cited by 286 publications

References 0 publications

Kiruna-Type Iron Oxide-Apatite (IOA) and Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits Form by a Combination of Igneous and Magmatic-Hydrothermal Processes: Evidence from the Chilean Iron Belt

Kiruna-Type Iron Oxide-Apatite (IOA) and Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits Form by a Combination of Igneous and Magmatic-Hydrothermal Processes: Evidence from the Chilean Iron Belt

The Olympic Cu-Au Province, Gawler Craton: A Review of the Lithospheric Architecture, Geodynamic Setting, Alteration Systems, Cover Successions and Prospectivity

Stanniferous magnetite composition from the Haobugao skarn Fe–Zn deposit, southern Great Xing'an Range: Implication for mineral depositional mechanism

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