Iron Oxide Based Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia Strategies in Biological Applications

Abstract

The use of multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs), usually in the range of 3–100 nm, with their newly discovered properties – such as superparamagnetic (SPM) behaviour, enhancement of activity and selectivity in catalytic processes and localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) – offers new technical possibilities for biomedical applications such as magnetic hyperthermia (MH), plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, the small size of NPs presents a unique opportunity to interfere, in a highly localised and specific way, with natural processes involving viruses, bacteria or cells and allows interference in the development of complex diseases like many types of cancer and neuropathies (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Kreutzer–Jacobs'). The design of biological applications based on MH is a chemical challenge and core@shell structures are most often used to endow NPs with multifunctional abilities. The success of such MH‐based biological applications depends on the magnetic functionality of the core as well as the properties of the surface shell in direct interaction with the biological medium. In this review we will describe the most important methodologies developed to synthesise magnetic core@shell nanostructures and their MH applications.

Iron oxide nanoparticles decorated oleic acid for high colloidal stability

“…Interestingly, it could be observed that the estimated crystallite size of unmodified MNPs sample and OA-decorated MNPs samples with different loading amount of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 wt.% were approximately 13.60, 10.40, 10.40, 10.3, 9.70, and 9.50 nm, respectively. [8] In fact, the broadening XRD peaks width after the loading OA on MNPs inferred that the crystallite size of MNPs was decreasing significantly, which were in the agreement from the previous hydrodynamic size evaluation.…”

“…[7] This modification of MNPs suspension allows the introduction of various functional groups on the surface of the nanoparticles, which particularly useful for subsequent coupling reactions to fluorescent probes, proteins, or substrates. [8] Such a mechanistic understanding is very important for the controlled growth of high dispersion stability of MNPs in aqueous media, which may be used in many socioeconomic applications, including biomedicine and glove industries.…”

Novel synthetic routes of large-pore magnetic mesoporous nanocomposites (SBA-15/Fe3O4) as potential multifunctional theranostic nanodevices

“…34,35,41,42 These characteristics allow for the well-controlled magnetically targeted drug delivery of specific moieties which are pore-depending; 41,43,44 and used for bone tissue engineering; [45][46][47] cell labeling and fluorescence; 48,49 enhanced MRI contrast 50,51 and magnetic hyperthermia. [52][53][54][55] Notably, the production of heat by means of the magnetic excitation of magnetic nanoparticles, offers a large set of biomedical procedures covering new cancer therapies, magnetic tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery or multimode imaging/hyperthermia applications. 53,56 In our previous paper, 47 we reported on hybrid magnetic nanocomposites prepared from the mesoporous silica material SBA-15 (SBA-15/Fe 3 O 4 @PAA and SBA-15/Fe 3 O 4 @PEI), where the polyacrylic acid and polyethyleneimine functionalized magnetite NPs were in situ synthesized in the presence of the mesoporous SBA-15 matrix, resulting in the formation of hybrid functional systems, but with a moderated magnetic response due to the low crystallinity of the magnetic nanoparticles.…”

“…[52][53][54][55] Notably, the production of heat by means of the magnetic excitation of magnetic nanoparticles, offers a large set of biomedical procedures covering new cancer therapies, magnetic tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery or multimode imaging/hyperthermia applications. 53,56 In our previous paper, 47 we reported on hybrid magnetic nanocomposites prepared from the mesoporous silica material SBA-15 (SBA-15/Fe 3 O 4 @PAA and SBA-15/Fe 3 O 4 @PEI), where the polyacrylic acid and polyethyleneimine functionalized magnetite NPs were in situ synthesized in the presence of the mesoporous SBA-15 matrix, resulting in the formation of hybrid functional systems, but with a moderated magnetic response due to the low crystallinity of the magnetic nanoparticles. Similar results are reported in the literature for other magnetic nanocomposites.…”

Synthesis of Polyhedral Magnetite Particles by Hydrothermal Process under High Pressure Condition

“…This method has been applied for single crystal particle growth and nascents generated in hydrothermal synthesis can also have a better crystallinity than those from other methods. Pineiro, et al [27] have reported that the hydrothermal method is an excellent way to generate magnetite particles with high crystallinity. Therefore, the magnetite particles synthesized by this method are very suitable candidates for bioapplications such as targeted drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, and MRI contrast agents.…”