Iron Nutrition of Phytoplankton and Its Possible Importance in the Ecology of Ocean Regions with High Nutrient and Low Biomass

Morel, François M. M.; Rueter, John G.; Price, Neil M.

doi:10.5670/oceanog.1991.03

Cited by 147 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In phytoplankton, Fe is an essential micronutrient for photosynthesis, required in Chlorophyll a, photosystem I (PSI), photosystem II (PSII), cytochrome b 6 -f complex, cytochrome c 6 , ferredoxin and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAD(P)H) dehydrogenase (Raven et al, 1999;Behrenfeld and Milligan, 2013). Additionally, Fe is involved in other key cellular processes such as respiration, macronutrient assimilation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (Sunda, 1989;Morel et al, 1991;Sunda and Huntsman, 1995). Due to their high demand for Fe, primary producers have developed specialised mechanisms to satisfy their needs; resulting in a decoupling between intracellular and dissolved Fe stoichiometry (Morel and Price, 2003;Moore et al, 2013), as well as complex interactions and feedbacks between Fe biology and its chemistry (Hassler et al, 2011a).…”

Section: Iron (Fe) Limitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microorganisms can also modulate their Fe biological requirement using enzyme replacement and modification of the photosynthetic antenna (Behrenfeld and Milligan, 2013;Petrou et al, 2014). Diatoms exhibit the highest sensitivity to Fe limitation (Miller et al, 1991;Morel et al, 1991) with shifts to larger sizes (>10 m) in response to Fe fertilisation (De Baar et al, 2005). Experiments carried out with cultured diatoms in the laboratory showed a relationship between Fe, the surface/volume ratio (S/V) and the iron biological requirement for growth (De Baar et al, 2005;Timmermans et al, 2004;Sarthou et al, 2005), with larger diatoms being associated with greater iron requirement.…”

Section: Iron (Fe) Limitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Petrou

Kranz

Trimborn

et al. 2016

Journal of Plant Physiology

114

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Please cite this article in press as: Petrou, K., et al., Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate. J Plant Physiol (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.004 ARTICLE IN PRESS a b s t r a c tThe Southern Ocean (SO) is a major sink for anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), potentially harbouring even greater potential for additional sequestration of CO 2 through enhanced phytoplankton productivity. In the SO, primary productivity is primarily driven by bottom up processes (physical and chemical conditions) which are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Due to a paucity of trace metals (such as iron) and high variability in light, much of the SO is characterised by an ecological paradox of high macronutrient concentrations yet uncharacteristically low chlorophyll concentrations. It is expected that with increased anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and the coincident warming, the major physical and chemical process that govern the SO will alter, influencing the biological capacity and functioning of the ecosystem. This review focuses on the SO primary producers and the bottom up processes that underpin their health and productivity. It looks at the major physico-chemical drivers of change in the SO, and based on current physiological knowledge, explores how these changes will likely manifest in phytoplankton, specifically, what are the physiological changes and floristic shifts that are likely to ensue and how this may translate into changes in the carbon sink capacity, net primary productivity and functionality of the SO.

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Section: Iron (Fe) Limitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iron (Fe) Limitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Petrou

Kranz

Trimborn

et al. 2016

Journal of Plant Physiology

114

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“…Indeed, ambient iron levels are low in high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) areas (Martin et al 1991;Coale et al 1996b), and the addition of iron to incubation bottles has been shown to increase net growth rates, chlorophyll yields, nitrate uptake, and nutrient consumption, particularly of the larger cells Martin et al 1991;Price et al 1991Price et al , 1994Takeda and Obata 1995;Fitzwater et al 1996). The ecumenical hypothesis (Morel et al 1991b;Price et al 1994;Cullen 1995) and the recent synthesis of data from the equatorial Pacific by Landry et al (1997) extend this explanation by invoking both iron limitation and grazing to explain the HNLC regions. This hypothesis, in its broadest form, states that the cell division rates of the small phytoplankton that dominate the indigenous community are relatively fast and are ''not strongly'' limited by iron (not to the extent that is Ͻ1/2 max ; Cullen 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phytoplankton community is dominated by small picoplankton (Chavez 1989), which have a large surface area to volume ratio and are less likely to be diffusion limited by either nutrients or trace metals than larger cells (Morel et al 1991a). Measured cell division rates are often 0.5 d Ϫ1 or higher, both for the phytoplankton community as a whole (Barber and Chavez 1991;Chavez et al 1991;Cullen 1991;Cullen et al 1992;Landry et al 1995;Verity et al 1996;Latasa et al 1997;Lindley and Barber 1998) and for the small cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus (DuRand 1995;Landry et al 1995;Vaulot et al 1995;Binder et al 1996;Latasa et al 1997;Liu et al 1997; Vaulot and Dom-1 Corresponding author (chisholm@mit.edu).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These cells are dependent on recycled nutrients (Price et al 1994;Landry et al 1997), and any increases in number following iron addition are rapidly cropped by quickly growing microzooplankton grazers (Banse 1982;Landry et al 1997). In contrast, large cells with relatively small surface area to volume ratios are at a competitive disadvantage for NH and Fe assimilation be-ϩ 4 cause of diffusion limitation (Morel et al 1991a) and are iron limited. Therefore, transient iron enrichment significantly stimulates diatoms, which bloom because their mesozooplankton grazers cannot respond quickly enough to prevent an increase in cell numbers (Price et al 1994;Coale et al 1996b;Cavender-Bares et al 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Iron limits the cell division rate of Prochlorococcus in the eastern equatorial Pacific

Mann

Chisholm

2000

Limnology & Oceanography

119

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Prochlorococcus, a small unicellular cyanobacterium, is an important member of the phytoplankton community in the eastern equatorial Pacific. When these waters were enriched with iron during IronEx II, the chlorophyll per cell and cell size of Prochlorococcus increased, implying that they were iron limited. The extent of this limitation was unclear, however, and the number of Prochlorococcus remained constant. To examine whether cell division rates were stimulated significantly by iron, we used a cell cycle analysis approach to measure them in and out of the Fe-enriched patch and in Fe-enriched bottles. The cell division rate increased from 0.6 to 1.1 d Ϫ1 over 6 d of exposure to the elevated iron concentrations in the patch. Cells incubated in bottles with additional iron had rates of 1.4 d Ϫ1 or two doublings per day. Prochlorococcus mortality rates, measured independently, nearly doubled after the addition of iron. This matched the increase in the cell division rate and maintained a relatively constant population size. Thus the cell division rates of even the smallest phytoplankton in the equatorial Pacific are significantly iron limited, but biomass is constrained by both iron limitation and microzooplankton grazing. The differential response of individual phytoplankton groups to the addition of iron during IronEx II was at least partially a result of differential mortality rates over the time course of the experiment. How the community would respond to sustained fertilization, however, is not obvious.Nitrate and phosphate concentrations are persistently high in the euphotic zone of the equatorial Pacific, and phytoplankton biomass and productivity are lower than expected based on nutrient availability (Cullen 1991;Frost and Franzen 1992). The phytoplankton community is dominated by small picoplankton (Chavez 1989), which have a large surface area to volume ratio and are less likely to be diffusion limited by either nutrients or trace metals than larger cells (Morel et al. 1991a). Measured cell division rates are often 0.5 d Ϫ1 or higher, both for the phytoplankton community as a whole (Barber and Chavez 1991;Chavez et al. 1991;Cullen 1991;Cullen et al. 1992;Landry et al. 1995;Verity et al. 1996;Latasa et al. 1997;Lindley and Barber 1998) and for the small cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus (DuRand 1995;Landry et al. 1995;Vaulot et al. 1995;Binder et al. 1996;Latasa et al. 1997;Liu et al. 1997; Vaulot and Dom-1 Corresponding author (chisholm@mit.edu). AcknowledgementsWe thank the captain and crew of the RV Melville, as well as Kenneth Coale and the Moss Landing IronEx group, for making the experiment possible. We also thank R. Michael Gordon for iron concentration measurements, and Richard Barber, William Cochlan, Michael R. Landry, and Makoto Saito for sharing unpublished data. Comments by J. Cullen, P. Falkowski, and an anonymous reviewer helped improve the manuscript.

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Pilot Study on Potential Impacts of Fisheries‐Induced Changes in Zooplankton Mortality on Marine Biogeochemistry

Getzlaff

Oschlies

2017

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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In this pilot study we link the yield of industrial fisheries to changes in the zooplankton mortality in an idealized way accounting for different target species (planktivorous fish—decreased zooplankton mortality; large predators—increased zooplankton mortality). This indirect approach is used in a global coupled biogeochemistry circulation model to estimate the range of the potential impact of industrial fisheries on marine biogeochemistry. The simulated globally integrated response on phytoplankton and primary production is in line with expectations—a high (low) zooplankton mortality results in a decrease (increase) of zooplankton and an increase (decrease) of phytoplankton. In contrast, the local response of zooplankton and phytoplankton depends on the region under consideration: In nutrient‐limited regions, an increase (decrease) in zooplankton mortality leads to a decrease (increase) in both zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass. In contrast, in nutrient‐replete regions, such as upwelling regions, we find an opposing response: an increase (decrease) of the zooplankton mortality leads to an increase (decrease) in both zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass. The results are further evaluated by relating the potential fisheries‐induced changes in zooplankton mortality to those driven by CO2 emissions in a business‐as‐usual 21st century emission scenario. In our idealized case, the potential fisheries‐induced impact can be of similar size as warming‐induced changes in marine biogeochemistry.

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Iron Nutrition of Phytoplankton and Its Possible Importance in the Ecology of Ocean Regions with High Nutrient and Low Biomass

Cited by 147 publications

References 14 publications

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Iron limits the cell division rate of Prochlorococcus in the eastern equatorial Pacific

Pilot Study on Potential Impacts of Fisheries‐Induced Changes in Zooplankton Mortality on Marine Biogeochemistry

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