Iron mineralization in the Garagu Formation of Gara Mountain, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan, NE Iraq: geochemistry, mineralogy and origin

Mirza, Tola A.; Mohialdeen, Ibrahim M.J.; Awadh, Salih Muhammad

doi:10.1007/s12517-016-2450-6

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The eventual formation of the sideritic ironstones occurred under freshwater, reducing/anoxic and shallow depth conditions as shown by data from this current study (e.g. Browne & Kingston, 1993; Baker, Kassan & Hamilton, 1996; Lim et al 2004; Rodrigues et al 2015; Mirza, Mohialdeen & Awadh, 2016). Like other pure siderites discussed elsewhere (Mozley, 1989; Spiro, Gibson & Shaw, 1993) the formation mechanism of the sideritic ironstones was largely controlled by the active roles of meteoric waters and bacterial activities (Browne & Kingston, 1993; Baker, Kassan & Hamilton, 1996; Lim et al 2004; Robinson et al 2010; Rodrigues et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The formation of siderite in an environment is a direct indication of reducing conditions in such an environment (e.g. Bahrig, 1989; Browne & Kingston, 1993; Mirza, Mohialdeen & Awadh, 2016; Franchi et al 2017; Isaack et al 2017). In addition, Huber (1958) confirmed that siderite is stable under intermediate to moderately reducing conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mozley, 1989; Hart, Longstaffe & Plint, 1992; Browne & Kingston, 1993; Baker, Kassan & Hamilton, 1996; Mortimer, Coleman & Rae, 1997; Köhler et al 2013; Rodrigues et al 2015). Their presence in any environment may be indicative of reducing/anoxic conditions (Huber, 1958; Bahrig, 1989; Browne & Kingston, 1993; Mirza, Mohialdeen & Awadh, 2016; Franchi et al 2017; Isaack et al 2017) while they also provide useful information about palaeo-salinity (Garrels, 1960; James, 1966; Curtis & Spears, 1968; Bahrig, 1989; Cundy, Hopkinson & Whitby, 2008; Loope et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sideritic ironstones as indicators of depositional environments in the Weald Basin (Early Cretaceous) SE England

Akinlotan

2017

Geol. Mag.

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The Lower Cretaceous Wealden sideritic ironstones have a wide occurrence and great potential to aid the reconstruction of the depositional environments of the Weald Basin in SE England. However, mineralogical and geochemical datasets on the ironstones are scarce in the literature. Geochemical and mineralogical data on the sideritic ironstones are presented from the Wadhurst Clay Formation within the Weald Basin. The mineralogy of the ironstones was examined using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer and PANalytical's HighScore Plus software. Elemental composition of the ironstones was measured using a PANalytical MiniPal2 ED-XRF (benchtop X-ray spectrometer). The examination of the mineralogy of the Wealden ironstones confirms the presence of early diagenetic siderites. The trace-element assemblage shows that the sideritic ironstones are chemically pure pointing to a freshwater origin. The sideritic ironstones reveal anoxic conditions and palaeo-salinity in the basin. More generally, it is suggested that the composition of the host rocks has significant controls on the composition of sideritic ironstones in sedimentary basins. This work reinforces the importance of the composition of sideritic ironstones as useful non-traditional data for understanding the depositional settings of sedimentary basins, especially when traditional datasets are not readily available or insufficient.

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