Iron, manganese, and lead contamination in groundwater of Bangladesh: a review

Abstract

Groundwater is a vital source of safe drinking water in Bangladesh and most South Asian countries. The study aimed to identify the sources and assess the contamination of Fe, Mn, and Pb in groundwater. The study considered published articles, reports, and data repositories of concerned departments over the past two decades using various search engines, including Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, etc. The study results showed the concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Pb in groundwater exceeded 55.93, 75.44, and 37.50%, respectively, of different standards, including the World Health Organization and United Nations Environmental Protection Agency. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Pb ranged from 0.003 to 16.6, 0.00063 to 3.11, and 0.0006 to 3.01 mg/L, respectively, and followed the order Fe > Mn > Pb in the groundwater of Bangladesh. Sources of Fe and Mn in groundwater are mostly geogenic in origin, while Pb contamination in groundwater is anthropogenic and derives from industry dust piles, vehicle exhaust discharge, lead pipes, faucets, fixtures, and batteries. The higher levels of heavy metals in groundwater cause health and environmental hazards. The study recommended that the higher concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Pb in groundwater make it unsuitable for drinking purposes and should be treated before consumption.

Salinity-Induced Changes in Heavy Metal Behavior and Mobility in Semi-Arid Coastal Aquifers: A Comprehensive Review

“…In considered coastal aquifers, concentrations above [81] have been noted in SW-C, India [64], Umhlathuze catchment, South Africa [50], and H AL-S [55], WFB [79], Saudi Arabia (Figure 2). The primary sources were found to be both anthropogenic and geogenic in all the coastal aquifers, which might be due to their availability in the earth's crust [100], as previously mentioned. The nature of anthropogenic influences was mainly found to be dependent on the land utilization of each aquifer, which might include the petrochemical industry, antifouling paint from ships and salt production industry in SW-C, India [54], agrochemicals input from the upper strata in South Africa [50], alloy production in Laizhou Bay, China [56], and the Jianshu coastal zone, China [60].…”