Iron Deficiency: Behavior and Brain Biochemistry

Leibel, Rudolph L.; Greenfield, Daryl B.; Pollitt, Ernesto

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7210-7_13

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…In fact, the observed time order in this study is consistent with one of the two major mechanisms proposed to explain research ®ndings in iron de®cient children. Namely,`at the very early stages of iron de®ciency a decrement in iron-dependent dopamine D2 receptors in the cortex alters dopamine neurotransmission which in turn impairs cognitive function' (Leibel, 1979;Wrigglesworth & Baum, 1989, Youdim, 1990. A early decline in functional tissue iron levels resulting in cognitive changes could also explain why those receiving iron supplementation for iron de®-ciency anemia commonly report improved attention, memory, mood, and energy before any improvement in iron status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive function, iron status, and hemoglobin concentration in obese dieting women

et al. 1998

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Objective: To determine the relationships between cognitive function and iron status in dieting obese women. Design: Longitudinal weight loss study (repeated measures within-subject design) with 3 weeks of baseline, 15 weeks of 50% caloric restriction, and 3 weeks of weight stabilization. Dietary iron was fed at twice the US Recommended Dietary Allowance with half of the iron from food sources and half from an oral supplement. Setting: This was a free-living study with the exception that subjects came to the research center for one meal per day and were provided all other meals and snacks to take home. Subjects: Healthy, premenopausal, obese women (mean BMI 31.5) were recruited through local newspaper, poster and radio advertising. Twenty-four women volunteers were recruited and 14 completed the study. Measurements: Cognitive function, iron and hematological status, height, body weights and body composition were measured at baseline; at weeks 5, 10, and 15 of the energy restriction period; and at the end of weight stabilization. Computerized cognitive tests included: Bakan vigilance task, two ®nger tapping, simple reaction time, immediate word recall, and a focused attention task. Iron status and hematological measures included: serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation, serum ferritin, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit, red cell count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW. Results: A signi®cant reduction in Hb, hematocrit, and red blood cell count occurred across the study. Hb at the end of the study was positively correlated (r = 0.72, P < 0.01) with mean performance on a measure of sustained attention. Transferrin saturation also correlated positively to sustained attention task performance for those subjects whose Hb declined across the study (r = 0.86, P < 0.01). Conclusions: These ®ndings suggest that dieting diminishes iron status in obese women, even when suf®cient dietary iron is available, and that the inability to sustain attention may be an early sign of developing iron de®ciency in dieting women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive function, iron status, and hemoglobin concentration in obese dieting women

et al. 1998

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“…Symptoms commonly associated with anemia are fatigue, headaches, weakness, lightheadedness, and irritability. These are difficult to define and measure, however, and various studies have found no evidence between the extent of them and the severity of anemia (Leibel and others 1979).…”

Section: Other Potential Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Nutritional Programs for Anemia Reduction

Levin¹

1986

World Bank Res Obs

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O ne of the most common nutritional problems in both industrial and developing countries is iron deficiency anemia. In many developing countries, between one-and two-thirds of the population are affected. Anemia refers to a condition in which the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood is below some norm for a given population. Although anemia may be due to factors such as disease or blood loss, its most common cause is a deficiency of iron (Charlton and Bothwell 1982). Such deficiency is typically caused by not consuming enough absorbable iron, relative to what the body needs for forming hemoglobin and other purposes. The Hb level provides the mechanism for carrying oxygen to muscles and other tissues of the body. At low hemoglobin levels, the body's ability to produce energy and meet other functional needs is limited. The anemic person feels weak and listless and may be more susceptible to infection. Work capacity is also impaired, and anemic children perform less well in school. Many of the consequences of anemia have been summarized (Pollitt and others 1982; Pollitt and Leibel 1976; Read 1975; Scrimshaw 1984). The purpose of this study is to review the available literature from the perspective of those concerned with investment in human resources. All investments have a cost-the value of the resources employed (Levin 1983)-and may also produce benefits. To reduce anemia, the costs stem from the iron supplements and the system for delivering them. The potential benefits are improved fetal and child growth, lower morbidity and mortality, higher productivity, more enjoyment of leisure, and more effective learning by students. Copyrightv) 1986 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Dcvclopmcnt/The World Banik

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“…(For detailed review of literature, see 30.) The study of Pollitt, et al (29) suggests that there may be some adverse functional consequences in cases of mild iron deficiency, which were previously identified as falling within the normal variability of iron status in children.…”

Section: Iron Deficiency and Anaemiamentioning

confidence: 99%