Iron deficiency and thyroid dysfunction among sudanese women in first trimester of pregnancy: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background Pregnant women are more susceptible to iron deficiency (ID), and it can lead to several maternal and perinatal adverse effects. There are some published data on the effect of ID on thyroid function, but none of the studies were conducted in sub-Saharan African countries including Sudan. This study was conducted to investigate association between ID (ferritin < 15 µg/L) and thyroid functions [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4)] among Sudanese women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in Saad Abuelela Maternity Hospital, Sudan. Obstetric/sociodemographic characteristics were gathered through questionnaires. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, TSH, FT3, and FT4 were measured in all pregnant women. Continuous variables were compared with either independent sample t-test if they were normally distributed, or with Mann–Whitney U- test if they were not-normally distributed. Spearman correlations were performed between the continuous variables. Results In total, 127 pregnant women with mean [standard deviation (SD)] age of 27.0 (5.5) years and gestational age of 10.5 (3.0) weeks, respectively, were enrolled in this study. Forty-seven (37.0%) of these 127 women had ID. While the median [interquartile range (IQR)] of the parity, TSH, and FT3 were not different between women with ID and women without ID, the median (IQR) of FT4 was significantly lower in women with ID compared with women without ID [1.020 (0.910‒1.120) vs. 1.095 (0.990‒1.217) pmol, P = 0.014]. Serum ferritin was inversely correlated with FT3, (r = -0.225, P = 0.011). There was no significant correlation between serum ferritin, TSH, and FT4. Conclusions Iron deficiency was common during the first trimester of pregnancy and was associated with thyroid dysfunctions. Therefore, ID should be evaluated to avoid thyroid dysfunction.

Assessment of Individual and Mixed Effects of Six Minerals on Thyroid Hormones in Chinese Pregnant Women

“…Se participates in the antioxidant defense in the thyroid by removing oxygen free radicals generated during the production of thyroid hormones [11]. Fe deficiency reduces the heme-dependent thyroperoxidase activity and blunts the utilization of thyroid hormones [12]. The role of Ca and Mg in thyroid hormone synthesis could be indirect.…”