Iron Deficiency and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Review of the Evidence

Lapice, Emanuela; Masulli, Maria; Vaccaro, Olga

doi:10.1007/s11883-013-0358-0

Cited by 60 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Body iron stores (ferritin) have been associated with increased risk of CVD [34], [35] while depletion may be a cardioprotective mechanism [36], [37]. But this is highly controversial because iron deficiency too has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial

López‐Huertas

Fonolla

2017

Redox Biology

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Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a main phenolic component of olive oil. In this study, we investigated the safety and effects produced by HT purified (99.5%) from olive mill waste. HT was administered at a daily dosage of 45 mg for 8 weeks to volunteers with mild hyperlipidemia (n=14). We measured markers of cardiovascular disease risk, enzyme markers of several clinical conditions, hematology, antioxidant parameters, vitamins and minerals at baseline (T0), 4 weeks (T4) and 8 weeks (T8). The values obtained at T4 and T8 were compared with baseline. We found that the HT dose administered was safe and mostly did not influence markers of cardiovascular disease, blood lipids, inflammatory markers, liver or kidney functions and the electrolyte balance. Serum iron levels remained constant but a significant (P<0.05) decrease in ferritin at T4 and T8 was found. Serum folate and red blood cell folate levels were also reduced at T4 and T8. Finally, vitamin C increased by two-fold at T4 and T8 compared with levels at baseline. These results indicate a physiologically relevant antioxidant function for HT through increasing endogenous vitamin C levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial

López‐Huertas

Fonolla

2017

Redox Biology

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“…It has been hypothesized that both elevated and decreased markers of iron status enhance the risk for CV disease . However, conflicting results have also been reported . Furthermore, studies in haemodialysis patients or women from the general population have suggested a role for elevated hepcidin levels in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum ferritin and risk for new‐onset heart failure and cardiovascular events in the community

Klip

Voors

Swinkels

et al. 2016

European J of Heart Fail

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“…Biologically plausible mechanisms for this association have been described, however, epidemiological studies on iron status and CVD risk have provided conflicting result (9). Extreme conditions of iron deficiency, as well as of iron overload, are associated with modestly increased CVD risk, although with different proposed mechanisms (9). The findings support the concept that arterial plaque iron is a modifiable risk factor for atherogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Recent studies show that iron may play a key role in plaque vulnerability and contributes to plaque hemorrhage (13,14). Biologically plausible mechanisms for this association have been described, however, epidemiological studies on iron status and CVD risk have provided conflicting result (9). Extreme conditions of iron deficiency, as well as of iron overload, are associated with modestly increased CVD risk, although with different proposed mechanisms (9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron concentrations in atherosclerotic plaque and serum in patients with carotid atherosclerosis

Tasić¹,

Tasić²,

Veselinović³

et al. 2015

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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The aim of this study was to investigate the iron concentrations in serum and carotid plaque in patients with different morphology of carotid atherosclerotic plaque and compared with other metal ions. Carotid endarterectomy due to the significant atherosclerotic stenosis was performed in 91 patients. Control group consisted of 27 patients, without carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques were divided into four morphological groups, according to ultrasonic and intraoperative characteristics. Iron, copper and zinc concentration in plaque, carotid artery and serum were measured by spectrophotometry. Serum iron concentrations were higher in patients with hemorrhagic plaques in comparison to the control group (4.7 μmol/l ± 1.2 vs. 2.1 μmol/l ± 0.8, p < 0.05). Iron concentrations were higher in patients with hemorrhagic plaques in comparison to fibrolipid plaques (72.1 ± 14.3 μg/g vs. 39.3 ± 22.9 μg/g; p < 0.05). Negative significant correlation was found for zinc in serum and plaque iron concentration in patients (p < 0.05). We also demonstrated positive significant correlation for copper and iron in serum (p < 0.05). The data obtained in the current study are consistent with the hypothesis that high iron levels may contribute to atherosclerosis and its complications as factors in a multifactorial disease.Keywords: carotid plaque, atherosclerosis, iron, zinc, copperOver the last 30 years, several studies in animals and humans assessed the effect of increased body iron levels on atherosclerosis, yielding conflicting results.Iron is a key element in many biochemical processes and shortage of iron causes damage to cells and organs. On the other hand, excess iron could be harmful because it is able to catalyse the formation of highly reactive oxygen and hydrogen radicals when present in the unbound state. Transition metal ions, established catalysts of protein, lipid and DNA oxidation, are present at elevated levels in human atherosclerotic plaques, and in some animal models, consistent with the hypothesis that metal ions contribute to both plaque formation and its destabilization (19,21,23), though the role of metal ions remains controversial (16,29).Epidemiological studies have reported an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in subjects with overt iron overload (7,8,19). Recent studies on cardiovascular evaluation and outcome in high-versus low-frequency blood donors have demonstrated improvements in surrogate markers of vascular health such as decreased oxidative stress, and

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Iron Deficiency and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Review of the Evidence

Cited by 60 publications

References 86 publications

Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial

Hydroxytyrosol supplementation increases vitamin C levels in vivo. A human volunteer trial

Serum ferritin and risk for new‐onset heart failure and cardiovascular events in the community

Iron concentrations in atherosclerotic plaque and serum in patients with carotid atherosclerosis

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