Iron deficiency anaemia

Barragán-Ibáñez, Gabriel; Santoyo-Sánchez, Adrián; Ramos-Peñafiel, C.O.

doi:10.1016/j.hgmx.2015.06.008

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Anemia manifests late in clinical progression of iron deficiency erythropoiesis 6 . Therefore, the point of inflection for ferritin just prior to overt iron deficiency is expected to be higher than 10 µg/L 37 . Our results based on CLSI and fractional polynomial analyses, as well as other studies based on healthy children, suggested a reference limit lower than 10 µg/L.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical thresholds for diagnosing iron deficiency: comparison of functional assessment of serum ferritin to population based centiles

Sezgin

Monagle

Loh

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Low serum ferritin is diagnostic of iron deficiency, yet its published lower cut-off values are highly variable, particularly for pediatric populations. Lower cut-off values are commonly reported as 2.5th percentiles, and is based on the variation of ferritin values in the population. Our objective was to determine whether a functional approach based on iron deficient erythropoiesis could provide a better alternative. Utilizing 64,443 ferritin test results from pediatric electronic health records, we conducted various statistical techniques to derive 2.5th percentiles, and also derived functional reference limits through the association between ferritin and erythrocyte parameters: hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, and red cell distribution width. We find that lower limits of reference intervals derived as centiles are too low for clinical interpretation. Functional limits indicate iron deficiency anemia starts to occur when ferritin levels reach 10 µg/L, and are largely similar between genders and age groups. In comparison, centiles (2.5%) presented with lower limits overall, with varying levels depending on age and gender. Functionally-derived limits better reflects the underlying physiology of a patient, and may provide a basis for deriving a threshold related to treatment of iron deficiency and any other biomarker with functional outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical thresholds for diagnosing iron deficiency: comparison of functional assessment of serum ferritin to population based centiles

Sezgin

Monagle

Loh

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Iron regulation is adjusted to increase absorption and some iron-dependent activities are downregulated, as iron is preferentially used in red blood cell synthesis. If the iron deficit continues, ID progresses to iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), at which point red blood cell synthesis is compromised, characterised by reduced haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and further changes to the biomarkers of ID, mentioned above [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Iron in Brain Development: A Systematic Review

2020

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One-third of children falter in cognitive development by pre-school age. Iron plays an important role in many neurodevelopmental processes, and animal studies suggest that iron sufficiency in pregnancy and infancy is particularly important for neurodevelopment. However, it is not clear whether iron deficiency directly impacts developmental outcomes, and, if so, whether impact differs by timing of exposure or developmental domain. We searched four databases for studies on iron deficiency or iron supplementation in pregnancy, or at 0–6 months, 6–24 months, or 2–4 years of age. All studies included neurodevelopmental assessments in infants or children up to 4 years old. We then qualitatively synthesized the literature. There was no clear relationship between iron status and developmental outcomes across any of the time windows or domains included. We identified a large quantity of low-quality studies, significant heterogeneity in study design and a lack of research focused on pregnancy and early infancy. In summary, despite good mechanistic evidence for the role of iron in brain development, evidence for the impact of iron deficiency or iron supplementation on early development is inconsistent. Further high-quality research is needed, particularly within pregnancy and early infancy, which has previously been neglected.

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“…Iron is an essential element for most eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, with an essential role in hemoglobin synthesis, oxygen transport, energy production, DNA synthesis, cellular respiration, as well as being a cofactor of a series of enzymes involved in the maintenance of cellular integrity [1][2][3]. An organism's iron availability is regulated by a series of proteins with a high affinity to iron transport and storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chimeric Protein IPath® with Chelating Activity Improves Atlantic Salmon’s Immunity against Infectious Diseases

et al. 2021

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Infection processes displayed by pathogens require the acquisition of essential inorganic nutrients and trace elements from the host to survive and proliferate. Without a doubt, iron is a crucial trace metal for all living organisms and also a pivotal component in the host–parasite interactions. In particular, the host reduces the iron available to face the infectious disease, increasing iron transport proteins’ expression and activating the heme synthesis and degradation pathways. Moreover, recent findings have suggested that iron metabolism modulation in fish promotes the immune response by reducing cellular iron toxicity. We hypothesized that recombinant proteins related to iron metabolism could modulate the fish’s immune system through iron metabolism and iron-responsive genes. Here a chimeric iron transport protein (IPath®) was bioinformatically designed and then expressed in a recombinant bacterial system. The IPath® protein showed a significant chelating activity under in vitro conditions and biological activity. Taking this evidence, a vaccine candidate based on IPath® was evaluated in Atlantic salmon challenged with three different fish pathogens. Experimental trials were conducted using two fish groups: one immunized with IPath® and another injected with adjutant as the control group. After 400 accumulated thermal units (ATUs), two different infection trials were performed. In the first one, fish were infected with the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, and in a second trial, fish were exposed to the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi and subsequently infected with the intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. Fish immunized with IPath® showed a significant delay in the mortality curve in response to A. salmonicida and P. salmonis infections. However, no significant differences between infected and control fish groups were observed at the end of the experiment. Notably, sea lice burden reduction was observed in vaccinated Atlantic salmon. Transcriptional analysis evidenced a high modulation of iron-homeostasis-related genes in fish vaccinated with IPath® compared to the control group during the infection. Moreover, increasing expression of Atlantic salmon IgT was associated with IPath® immunization. This study provides evidence that the IPath® protein could be used as an antigen or booster in commercial fish vaccines, improving the immune response against relevant pathogens for salmon aquaculture.

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Iron deficiency anaemia

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Clinical thresholds for diagnosing iron deficiency: comparison of functional assessment of serum ferritin to population based centiles

Clinical thresholds for diagnosing iron deficiency: comparison of functional assessment of serum ferritin to population based centiles

The Role of Iron in Brain Development: A Systematic Review

Chimeric Protein IPath® with Chelating Activity Improves Atlantic Salmon’s Immunity against Infectious Diseases

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