Iron Deficiency, An Independent Risk Factor for Isolated Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women of Childbearing Age in China

Yu, Xiao‐Juan; Shan, Zhongyan; Li, Chenyan; Mao, Jinyuan; Wang, Weiwei; Xie, Xiaochen; Liu, Aihua; Teng, Xiaochun; Zhou, Weiwei; Li, Chenyang; Xu, Bin; Bi, Lihua; Meng, Ting; Du, Junbao; Zhang, Shaowei; Gao, Zhengnan; Zhang, Xiaomei; Liu, Yang; Fan, Chenling; Wang, Teng

doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3887

Cited by 75 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, serum FT4 concentrations were lower and TSH concentrations were higher in subjects with iron deficiency, in line with previous studies (10,20,26) and the difference between the IDA group and MID was significant. TT4 levels were not significantly different among different groups, which may be relevant to the specific status during early pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In a study of Swiss pregnant women in the second and third trimester, Zimmermann et al (9) reported that poor maternal iron status predicts both higher TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and lower TT4 (total thyroxine) concentrations. Yu et al (10) reported that serum FT4 (free thyroxine) levels were significantly lower in pregnant women with ID (iron deficiency) compared with the corresponding groups without ID. However, the number of related studies remains very small, especially for subjects in the first trimester.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship between Iron Deficiency and Thyroid Function in Chinese Women during Early Pregnancy

Gao

Wei

et al. 2016

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary Previous studies have identified an association between iron deficiency and thyroid function. We aimed to determine if there is a relationship between iron deficiency and thyroid function during the first trimester of pregnancy. Two thousand five hundred eighty-one pregnant women who presented for the first prenatal care were enrolled and divided into three groups, the mild iron deficiency (MID) group, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) group and normal control (NC) group, according to serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels. The former two groups can be merged into one iron deficiency (ID) group. Thyroid function parameters were compared among the three groups, including free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb). Moreover, the rates of thyroid dysfunction were also compared. Our results show that pregnant women in the MID and IDA groups have higher TSH and lower FT4 status than those in the NC group (p,0.01), and the difference between the IDA group and MID group is significant (p,0.05). TPOAb in the IDA group is higher than in the MID group and NC group. Meanwhile, the rate of hypothyroidism or subclinical hypothyroidism in the IDA group was significantly higher than in the MID group and NC group (p,0.01). And the positive rate of TPOAb is also higher in the IDA group than MID group and NC group (p,0.05). Iron deficiency is related to thyroid function and could lead to hypothyroidism during early pregnancy, which could be explained by thyroid autoimmunity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Iron Deficiency and Thyroid Function in Chinese Women during Early Pregnancy

Gao

Wei

et al. 2016

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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“…Previous studies did not take TAI into account, or used it as an exclusion criterion to investigate the relationship between ferritin and thyroid function (11,12). The importance of our results lays in the fact that the presence of TAI has been associated in both spontaneous and assisted pregnancies with impaired outcomes, including (recurrent) miscarriage, preterm delivery, low birth weight and postpartum thyroiditis (15,16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The prevalence we observed was in line with that in most other studies, although in a recent Chinese study, a lower prevalence of ID (<10%) was noticed. This discrepancy may be explained by different socioeconomical states (most of our patients are non-employed), by the fact that we excluded patients taking iron supplements at the time of ferritin measurement and finally because we measured ferritin levels later in pregnancy as compared with the Chinese study, in which it was measured before the 12th week of pregnancy (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…None of these studies investigated the impact of ID on thyroid autoimmunity (TAI). The association of ID and thyroid disorders during pregnancy is limited to one study measuring ID during the second and third trimester of pregnancy and a recent publication, linking ID with isolated hypothyroxinemia (11,12). In the first study, TAI was not taken into account and in the second, the presence of TAI was an exclusion criterion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in women with iron deficiency during early pregnancy: is it altered?

Veltri¹,

Decaillet²,

Kleynen³

et al. 2016

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Thyroid disorders and iron deficiency (ID) are associated with obstetrical and fetal complications. Iron is essential for the normal functioning of thyroid peroxidase (TPO-abs) and ID is frequent during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) and dysfunction during the first trimester of pregnancy in women with and without ID. Design: Cross-sectional data analysis of 1900 pregnant women nested within an ongoing prospective collection of pregnant women's data. Method: The study was performed in a single, tertiary referral center. During the first antenatal visit, ferritin, TPO-abs, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T 4 (FT 4 ) were measured and age and BMI were recorded. ID was defined as ferritin <15 µg/L, TAI when TPO-abs was >60 kIU/L, and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) when TSH was >2.5 mIU/L. Results: ID was present in 35% of women. Age and BMI were comparable between both groups. In the ID group, the prevalence of TAI and SCH was significantly higher, compared with that in the non-ID group (10% vs 6% and 20% vs 16%; P = 0.011 and 0.049 respectively). Ferritin was inversely correlated with serum TSH (ρ = −0.076; P = 0.001) and positive with FT 4 levels (ρ = 0.112; P < 0.001). In the logistic regression model, ID remained associated with TAI after correction for confounding factors (P = 0.017). The association with SCH was absent after correction for the confounders in the logistic regression model (P = 0.082), but remained present in the linear regression model (P = 0.035). Conclusions: ID was frequent during the first trimester of pregnancy and was associated with a higher prevalence of TAI, higher serum TSH, and lower FT 4 levels.

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Impact of folate biofortified food supplement on rural women's health and willingness‐to‐pay: A study based on a connected randomized controlled trial—Becker–DeGroot–Marschak experiment in China

Liao,

Li,

Qing

et al. 2023

Agribusiness

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We examined whether folate‐fortified maize (FFM) improves the health of rural women of childbearing age and whether the health intervention is associated with the consumer willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for FFM. First, a randomized single‐blind FFM intervention trial was conducted in rural childbearing‐aged women. Participants (n = 55) consumed one stalk of either FFM (treatment group) or ordinary maize (control group) daily. This dietary intervention lasted for 2 months, during which we assessed the participants' serum folate levels at baseline, mid stage (after 1 month), and final stage (after 2 months) to evaluate the health effect of FFM. We found that the serum folate level in the treatment group (13.31 ng/mL) was 3.40 ng/mL higher than that in the control group (9.91 ng/mL) in the final stage of the study. These findings suggest that regular dietary FFM intake significantly increased serum folate levels in rural Chinese women. Second, we further expanded our study by involving 181 local rural women with similar demographic characteristics to participate in a Becker–DeGroot–Marschak (BDM) bidding experiment to measure their WTPs for FFM. Results showed that local consumers were willing to pay 2.82 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per stalk of FFM, approximately 1.21 CNY higher than the price of ordinary maize. And women who participated in and completed the intervention trial had a higher preference for FFM during the evaluation. We provide evidence on the health improvement effect of biofortified foods and shed light on the associated consumer valuation and policy implementation.

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Iron Deficiency, An Independent Risk Factor for Isolated Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women of Childbearing Age in China

Cited by 75 publications

References 36 publications

The Relationship between Iron Deficiency and Thyroid Function in Chinese Women during Early Pregnancy

The Relationship between Iron Deficiency and Thyroid Function in Chinese Women during Early Pregnancy

Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in women with iron deficiency during early pregnancy: is it altered?

Impact of folate biofortified food supplement on rural women's health and willingness‐to‐pay: A study based on a connected randomized controlled trial—Becker–DeGroot–Marschak experiment in China

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