Iron-Bound Deadeyes from the Nineteenth-Century Akko Tower Wreck, Israel: Metallurgical Investigation of the Manufacturing Technology

Voiculescu, Ionelia; Geantă, Victor; Stern, A.; Ashkenazi, D.; Cohen, M.; Cvikel, Deborah

doi:10.1007/s13632-017-0342-0

Cited by 10 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Following the compositional analysis, the link material was mostly composed of iron, with the presence of 0.3 wt.% Si and 0.2 wt.% P, where silicon and phosphorus are common elements in wrought iron slag inclusions [17,32]. (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6a, spot scan) 43.4 36.9 7.2 3.9 3.3 2.6 1.1 0.8 … 0.6 0.2 … Slag in the weld area (Fig. 8, area Since Si does not reduce in either of the direct and indirect smelting methods, its presence represents the slag inclusion distribution in the link's wrought iron matrix [15,17,18]. The link and rod material was made from relatively pure ferritic iron, rich in slag inclusions, such as single-phase fayalite (Fe 2 SiO 4 ), two-phase glass-wüstite inclusions, and three-phase glass-wüstite-fayalite, typical of wrought iron objects [17, p. 110].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, further analyses of the inclusions, such XRD, EBSD, TEM, are needed in order to study their phases. Based on the homogeneous microstructure of the link and rod, they were wrought iron products, produced by the 'puddling' technique of refining pig iron into malleable wrought iron [15,[17][18][19][20]. The equiaxed iron ferrite grains in the rod (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…128-129, 146, 166]. The typical microstructure of wrought iron objects produced by the 'puddling' technique consisted of a ferritic matrix combined with embedded elongated slag inclusions, indicating the direction of plastic deformation during the forging process [17][18][19][20]. The 'puddling' process of refining cast iron into wrought iron continued to be common until the middle of the nineteenth century [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When two wrought iron parts are forge welded, some residual oxides are entrapped along the weld [26,27]. Nevertheless, several thermo-mechanical operations of heating and forging may result in homogenizing the wrought iron matrix and correspondingly deleting the welding line [17,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Another Link in the Chain: Archaeometallurgical Investigation of an Anchor Chain from the Nineteenth Century Akko Tower Shipwreck

Iddan

Ashkenazi

Ariely

et al. 2020

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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In the 2016 excavation season of the Akko Tower shipwreck, a ferrous stud-link anchor chain and a rod, both covered with thick encrustation and concretion, were retrieved from the site. The chain links, studs, and rod were analyzed by metallurgical methods, including: radiographic testing, x-ray fluorescence, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, and microhardness measurements, in order to determine their composition and microstructure. The links and the rod were made of wrought iron, while the studs were made of gray cast iron with a significant silicon content of 2 wt.%. The welding zone of the links was identified. The chain was end-welded by forge welding, and the stud was fixed mechanically. The design and manufacturing characteristics of the chain are typical of nineteenth century stud-link anchor chain, which supports the dating of the ship. It is suggested that the chain served the secondary anchor of the ship.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Another Link in the Chain: Archaeometallurgical Investigation of an Anchor Chain from the Nineteenth Century Akko Tower Shipwreck

Iddan

Ashkenazi

Ariely

et al. 2020

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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Archeometallurgical Study of a Renaissance Spearhead from Northern Italy

Merico

Faccoli

Gotti³

et al. 2022

Metall Mater Trans B

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A metallurgical study of a Renaissance spearhead from northern Italy was performed to provide new deep insights into both smelting and smithing technologies which are involved in the manufacturing process. Optical microscopy observations, Vickers microhardness measurements, and optical emission spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that the spearhead was skillfully assembled and shaped from different steel bars, and a slack-quenching heat treatment was performed on the blade to improve its functionality. The chemistry of a large sample of nonmetallic inclusions was characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray dispersive spectroscopy. A multivariate statistical data treatment based on logistic regression was applied to assess the technological origin of the steel bars. The results allowed to conclude that the spearhead steel was obtained following the indirect steel-making route. The temperatures reached during both smelting and smithing stages were estimated in the FeO–SiO2–CaO system at 1470 °C and 1200 °C, respectively.

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Archaeometallurgical Study of a 16th–17th Century “Rapier” Sword Manufactured in Caino (Northern Italy)

Merico,

Faccoli,

Gotti

et al. 2024

Metall Mater Trans B

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A metallurgical study was performed on a 16th–17th century “rapier” sword manufactured in Caino (northern Italy). Metallographic investigations and Vickers microhardness measurements indicate that the rapier was forged by assembling via hammer-welding different hypoeutectoid and near eutectoid steel bars. The rapier blade was heat treated by slack-quenching to increase its hardness, especially near the blade tip, improving the thrusting performance. The chemical composition of slag inclusions was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray dispersive spectroscopy. Compositional data of slag inclusions were analyzed by a multivariate statistical strategy aimed to distinguish and classify slag inclusions on the basis of their origin. It was estimated that the temperature reached during the finery and forging processes was at least 1270 °C and 1160 °C, respectively.

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Iron-Bound Deadeyes from the Nineteenth-Century Akko Tower Wreck, Israel: Metallurgical Investigation of the Manufacturing Technology

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Another Link in the Chain: Archaeometallurgical Investigation of an Anchor Chain from the Nineteenth Century Akko Tower Shipwreck

Another Link in the Chain: Archaeometallurgical Investigation of an Anchor Chain from the Nineteenth Century Akko Tower Shipwreck

Archeometallurgical Study of a Renaissance Spearhead from Northern Italy

Archaeometallurgical Study of a 16th–17th Century “Rapier” Sword Manufactured in Caino (Northern Italy)

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