Iron; Benefits or threatens (with emphasis on mechanism and treatment of its poisoning)

Abstract

Iron is a necessary biological element and one of the richest in the human body, but it can cause changes in cell function and activity control. Iron is involved in a wide range of oxidation - reduction activities. Whenever iron exceeds the cellular metabolic needs, its excess causes changes in the products of cellular respiration, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl. The formation of these compounds causes cellular toxicity. Lack of control over reactive oxygen species causes damages to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Conversely, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl are reactive oxygen species, using antioxidants, restoring DNA function, and controlling iron stores lead to natural conditions. Iron poisoning causes clinical manifestations in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, heart, kidneys, and hematopoietic system. When serum iron is elevated, serum iron concentrations, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and ferritin will also increase. Supportive care is provided by whole bowel irrigation (WBI), esophagogastroduodenoscopy is required to evaluate mucosal injury and remove undissolved iron tablets. The use of chelator agents such as deferoxamine mesylate, deferasirox, deferiprone, deferitrin are very effective in removing excess iron. Of course, the combined treatment of these chelators plays an important role in increasing iron excretion, and reducing side effects.

Multimetal exposure: Challenges in diagnostics, prevention, and treatment

“…Some specific tests for metal detection include beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test for beryllium detection and chronic arsenic intoxication diagnostic score for chronic arsenic toxicity. [100] Toxicogenomic is one of the approach used to detect heavy metal toxicity and its link with other associated diseases such as cancer. [101] Specific genes are expressed upon multimetal exposure, which are detected by bioinformatics methods and novel statistical approaches such as weighted quantile sum regression and BKMR.…”

Determination of Binding Constants for the Complexes Between Heavy Metal Ions and Cucurbit[n]uril

“…Human exposure to cadmium compounds may create a serious health problem. The environment contains considerable amounts of cadmium due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, smelting ore, and burning waste [9] . Cadmium‐contaminated drinking water is highly toxic to the kidney, and it accumulates in the proximal tubular cells at higher concentrations [10] .…”