Iron and Steel in Ancient China

Wagner, Donald B.

doi:10.2307/1399518

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Elsewhere for the time period of 2200 BC, similar signs of deteriorating conditions were also encounters in Anatolia, with abandonment of urban centers such as Troy II to Troy III-IV [48,87] (p. [139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152]. Consequently, depopulation also resulted.…”

Section: Deurbanization and Migrationmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In this regard, Huang Zhanyue [140,141] provides evidence, along with persuasive arguments, that the smelting of iron in China began in the south and spreads to the Korean peninsula and Japan. Wagner [142][143][144] reviews Huang Zhanyue's [140] evidence and, coupled with other archeological data, has suggested that iron artifacts can be dated to as early as the Zhou Dynasty, and specific pieces may yet prove that the use of iron can be traced to earlier periods [145].…”

Section: Socioeconomic and Political Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nature–Culture Relations: Early Globalization, Climate Changes, and System Crisis

Chew

Sarabia

2016

Sustainability

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Globalization has been on everyone's lips in light of the contemporary conditions. It has been viewed mostly as a stage reached as a result of long-term societal changes over the course of world history. For us, globalization has been an ongoing process for at least the last 5000 years. Little attention has been paid to the socioeconomic and natural processes that led to the current transformation. With the exception of historical sociologists, there is less interest in examining the long-term past as it is often assumed that the past has nothing to teach us, and it is the future that we have to turn our intellectual gaze. This paper will argue the opposite. We believe a long-term tracing of the socioeconomic and political processes of the making of the modern world will allow us to have a more incisive understanding of the current trajectory of world development and transformations. To plead our case, we outline the emergence of the first Eurasian World Economy linking seven regions (Europe, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, the Persian Gulf, Central Asia, South Asia, Ceylon, Southeast Asia, and China) of the world, with the exception of the Americas, starting as early as 200 BC, and the sequence of structural crises and transformations (trading networks and commodities) that has circumscribed the structures and trends of the current global system. Such consideration in our view is limited if we do not also include the relations between social systems and Nature, and the rhythms of the climate. For the latter, an awareness of the natural rhythms of the climate as well as human induced changes or climate forcing have triggered system-wide level collapses during certain early historical periods.

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Section: Deurbanization and Migrationmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Socioeconomic and Political Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature–Culture Relations: Early Globalization, Climate Changes, and System Crisis

Chew

Sarabia

2016

Sustainability

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“…Both regions first used iron in the 6 th century B.C. (Wager 1993;Lucas 1934:198). Egypt and China however both used bronze well before 1000 B.C.…”

Section: Technology Datasets For 1000 Bc and 0 Admentioning

confidence: 99%

Was the Wealth of Nations Determined in 1000 B.C.?

Comín¹,

Easterly²,

Gong³

2006

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“…Once an acceptable iron billet had been produced, it could then be forged, that is hammered to shape, an operation once again necessitating that it be frequently returned to the hearth. The hearths were normally fueled with charcoal, but mineral coal, often in conjunction with charcoal, has been found on metalworking hearths, dating from the last 2000 yr at least, all over the Old World in areas where coal abounds from Roman Britain (Webster 1955) to Han China (Wagner 1993). …”

Section: Iron Production By the Direct Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production of cast iron began in China early in the 1st millennium BC, and was probably used initially just for castings, but soon became the usual method of producing iron whether for castings, for fining to wrought iron, or for partial decarburization to steel (Wagner 1993). …”

Section: Iron Production By the Indirect Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Radiocarbon Dating and Authentication of Iron Artifacts

2002

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ABSTRACT. The continuing improvements in accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating technology mean that it is possible to work on ever smaller samples, which in turn, make an ever wider range of sample potentially available for dating. This paper discusses some of the difficulties arising with the interpretation of AMS dates obtained from carbon in iron. The overriding problem is that the carbon, now in chemical combination with the iron, could have come from a variety of sources with very different origins. These are now potentially an iressolvable mixture in the iron. For iron made over the last millennium, there are the additional problems associated with the use of both fossil fuel and biomass fuel in different stages of the iron making, leading to great confusion, especially with authenticity studies.

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Iron and Steel in Ancient China

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Nature–Culture Relations: Early Globalization, Climate Changes, and System Crisis

Nature–Culture Relations: Early Globalization, Climate Changes, and System Crisis

Was the Wealth of Nations Determined in 1000 B.C.?

The Radiocarbon Dating and Authentication of Iron Artifacts

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